PROKARYOTIC CELL

VS EUKARYOTIC
CELL
(CELLULAR INTERNAL ORGANIZATION)
COMMON MISTAKES AND MISCONCEPTIONS

• Eukaryotes can be unicellular

• Even though prokaryotes do not have nucleus, they DO
contain genetic information
• Though they sound negative, bacteria are very
important
• As a starter, I would like you to do ACTIVITY 1: PICTURE OBSERVATION
• Directions: Based on what you previously learn on the structures and functions of subcellular
organelles, observe each picture below and complete the comparison table on the next page
• Ask students to do:
• ACTIVITY 2: CELL ORGANELLE ROLLCALL!
• Directions: The table below aims to show a comparison between cell organelles of prokaryotes
and eukaryotes. Complete the table by writing P (for present) and A (for absent).
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF A
PROKARYOTIC CELL: CELL PARTS AND
FUNCTION
• The absence of membrane-bound organelles is the main distinguishing
factor for prokaryotes. Most simple unicellular organisms are
prokaryotes having small size measuring around 0.1-5 μm in diameter.
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells that usually exists in unicellular
forms, less complex, small, and have limited capabilities due to lack of
membrane-bound organelles.
PROKARYOTIC CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

•1. Capsule- a sticky outer layer that provides protection.

•2. Cell Wall- a structure that provides rigidity and shape to the cell. The
presence or absence (small to a negligible amount) of peptidoglycan (a
complex molecule of sugar and amino acids) in the cell wall classify
bacteria, as Gram-positive (large amount) and Gram-negative (small
amount).
•3. Plasma membrane- serves as a permeability barrier that allows or
block materials from entering the cell.
4. Plasmid- genetic material
5. Nucleoid- a DNA-containing region within the cytoplasm
6. Ribosome- site for protein synthesis
7. Pilus (plural: pili)- hair-like appendage that serves for cell-to-cell
adhesion and DNA transit from the bacterial cell to other cells.
8. Fimbrae- hair-like structure that helps bacteria to attach during
mating.
9. Flagellum-facilitates movement.
10. Cytoplasm-holds the other organelles inside the cell
11. Endospore- differentiated seed-like form of certain gram-
positive bacteria that serves as a survival resting stage in response to
harsh conditions.
• Though prokaryotic cells are considered primitive as the
name implies (“pro”-before/old; “karyon”-nucleus)
compared to eukaryotic cells (“eu”-new; “karyon”-nucleus),
their environmental, medicinal, and industrial contributions
are undeniably necessary. Food processing and fermentation
usually rely on these minute organisms.
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS OF A
EUKARYOTIC CELL: CELL PARTS AND FUNCTION

• Animal and plant cells as featured in the previous lesson, are classified as
eukaryotic cell. This is due to the main distinguishable characteristics of
eukaryotes having well-defined nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells are complex and more advanced in structure compared to
prokaryotic cells. This kind of cells are commonly found in higher complex
organisms of multicellular composition to a unicellular organism. Plants, animals,
fungi, and protists (protozoans, algae) share the same main distinguishable
characteristics of eukaryotes, thus classified as eukaryotic cells. Because of the
intricate organization of the DNA in eukaryotic cells, cell division is
comparatively different from prokaryotic cells as the latter has much simpler
process.
EUKARYOTIC CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS
•1.Cell membrane- permeability barrier that separates cell from external environment.
•2.Cytoplasm- ground substance of the cell that houses cytoplasmic organelles inside it.
•a.Endoplasmic reticulum- network of intercommunicating channels in the cytoplasm.
••Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)- described as such due to the embedded
presence of ribosomes; helps in the production of proteins, playing a major role in
folding, quality control and dispatch.
••Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)- more tubular and non-granular since there is
no presence of ribosomes; plays role in the manufacture and metabolism of lipids and
biosynthesis of steroid hormones in endocrine cells.
b. Golgi apparatus- responsible for processing, packaging, and
sorting of secretory materials.
c. Mitochondria- powerhouse of the cell
d. Lysosome- small, spherical membrane-bound organelles
containing enzymes for intracellular digestion.
e.Vesicles/secretory granules- fuse with cell membrane to
secrete substances into or out of the cell.

cytoplasmic inclusions:
f. Ribosomes- site for protein synthesis; can be free
(suspended in the cytoplasm) or bound (attached to RER)
g. Centrioles-participates in cell division by forming mitotic
spindles.
• h.Microtubules- protein tubes forming cytoskeleton.
• i.Microfilaments- provides resiliency against forces that can
alter cell shape.
3. Nucleus- site where nucleic acids are synthesized; the main
control room of the cell as it houses hereditary factors
a. Nuclear envelope-separates nucleus from cytoplasm
b. Nuclear pores- selective channels in the nuclear envelope that
allows contact of nucleus and cytoplasm.
c. Nucleolus- non-membrane bound structure inside of nucleus
responsible for ribosome formation.
d. Nucleoplasm- dense, protein-rich substance inside the nucleus
4. Cell wall- one of the more common characteristics of
plant cells; provides rigidity and protection.
5. Water vacuoles/ large vacuoles- more centrally found in
plants compared to animal cells.
6. Plastids- carryout photosynthetic functions in plants:
a. Chloroplasts- contain green pigment called chlorophyll
designed to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
b. Chromoplasts-synthesize and store pigments such as yellow,
carotene, xanthopylls, and various red pigments to assist in
trapping light energy.
 KEY DIFFERENCES
Characteristic Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Size of cell Typically 0.1-5.0 mm in diameter Typically 10-100 mm in diameter
Nucleus No nuclear membrane or nucleoli True nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane and
nucleoli
Membrane-enclosed organelles Absent Present; examples include lysosomes, golgi complex,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and chloroplast

Flagella Consist of two protein building blocks Complex, consist of multiple microtubules
Glycocalyx Present as a capsule or slime layer Present in some cells that lack a cell wall
Cell Wall Usually present; chemically complex (typical bacterial When present, chemically simple
cell wall includes peptidoglycan)

Plasma membrane No carbohydrates and generally lacks sterols Sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors
present

Cytoplasm No cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton

Ribosomes Smaller size (70S) Larger size (80S); smaller size (70S) in organelles

Chromosome (DNA Arrangment) Single circular chromosome; lack histones Multiple linear chromosomes with histones

Cell division Binary fission Mitosis

Sexual reproduction No meiosis Involves Meiosis
• Do ACTIVITY 3: MEME CHALLENGE!
• Directions: Come up with a meme that will highlight clearly the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
based on their distinguishing features. You can use ready-made meme template (you usually
encounter in fb or from meme generator software application downloadable in google play) or
draw/make your own meme.
• ACTIVITY 4: ECO-FRIENDLY CELL!
• Directions: Creatively construct a 3-D model of plant/animal/ or bacterial cell using available
recyclable materials. Make sure to label the parts/ organelles and attach a brief introduction or
description of your model
HUGOT OF THE DAY

• Life may be simple or complicated just

like the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes.
• Either way, live a good life.
GENERALIZATION

• Prokaryotes are simpler, smaller and most abundantly found cells

compared to eukaryotes which are larger and more complex.
• Prokaryotic cells do not have the well-developed nucleus found in
eukaryotic cells.
• Membrane-bound organelles are found in eukaryotic cells but absent in
prokaryotic cells.
• Prokaryotic cells pass genetic materials through: conjugation,
transformation, and transduction, which are simpler compared to
eukaryotic cell division
• Answer Assessment
• Assignment: Read on Cell Types and Functions

• Thank you and have a nice day/week ahead of you!!!!

• God bless every Juan