SCIENTISTS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

SCIENTISTS

Anton Van Leevwenhaek He is considered to be the father of biology

He is known to create his own first lens

microscope and was the first to discover th
efirst animalcules.

Robert Hooke Created a microscope using two (2) lenses -

compound microscope.

He examined the cork, and these structures

were resembling empty compartments.

Thus, he was the founder of the cell.

Felix Dijardin He discovered the protoplasm; which is now

called the cytoplasm

Robert Brown He examined thoursads of orchids.Therefore,

he discovered the nucleus.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden All plant cells are made of cells.

Theodor Schwann All animal cells are made of cells.

Rudolf Virchow All cells came from pre-existing cells.

Loie Pasteur Pasteurization involves heating liquids at

high temperatures for short amounts of time.
Pasteurization kills harmful microbes in milk
without affecting the taste or nutritional value
 ANIMAL VS PLANT CELLS

A. PROTECTION
PARTS OF THE CELL DESCRIPTIONS / FUNCTIONS
• Made up of peptidoglycan in prokaryotic cells
1. Cell Wall • Made up of cellulose in plant cells
• Used for protection and support
2. Cell Membrane / Plasma • Made up of two layers of phospholipid bilayer
Membrane • Selectively permeable membrane
• Fluid Mosaic Model – explains the structure of the cell
membrane
• Has different membrane proteins:

➢ Transport Proteins – materials passing across the

membrane
➢ Enzymes – participate in metabolic processes

➢ Recognition Proteins – serve as “name tags” for the

immune system to recognize their own cells
➢ Adhesion Proteins – cells that stick to one another

➢ Receptor Proteins – bind to molecules outside the

 cell
• Contains a jelly substance known as the cytosol
3. Cytoplasm • Holds the organelles in place
• Serves as medium for the transport of substances

B. GENECTIC CONTROL
PARTS OF THE CELL
1. Nucleus
DESCRIPTIONS / FUNCTIONS
• “Brain of the Cell”
• Controls all cellular processes
• Contains DNA (genetic material)
• Has subparts: nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, and
nucleolus

C. MANUFACTURE, STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION AND BREAKDOWN

PARTS OF THE CELL DESCRIPTIONS / FUNCTIONS
1. Ribosomes • Structures that manufacture proteins inside the cell
• Interconnected network of thin and
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum folded membranes
• Contains Rough and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Rough Endoplasmic • Contains ribosomes
Reticulum (RER) • Produces secretory proteins
4. Smooth Endoplasmic • Without ribosomes
Reticulum (SER) • Produces lipids
• Flattened sheets of sacs and tubes
5. Golgi Apparatus / Golgi Body
• Modifies, sorts, and packages different substances
• Store cell sap which contains water, organic, and
inorganic substances
6. Vacuoles
• Vacuoles in plant cells are larger than those in an
animal cell
• Smaller versions of vacuoles
7. Vesicles
• Carry monomer molecules and packed substances
8. Lysosomes • Spherical-shaped
• “Digestive sacs”
• Uses lysozyme, an enzyme, that breaks down
 molecule polymers and defective cell parts
9. Peroxisomes • Contains hydrogen peroxide that metabolizes lipids

D. ENERGY PROCESSING
PARTS OF THE CELL DESCRIPTIONS / FUNCTIONS
• Sausage-like shaped organelle
• “Powerhouse of the Cell”
1. Mitochondria
• Gives energy (ATP) to the cell
• Cristae – folds of inner membrane
• Site to produce glucose via photosynthesis
• Has different types:
➢ Chloroplast – contains green pigment
2. Plastids
➢ Chromoplast – contains red, yellow, and orange
pigments
➢ Leucoplast – non-pigmented

E. SUPPORT, MOVEMENT, AND COMMUNICATION

PARTS OF THE CELL DESCRIPTIONS / FUNCTIONS
● Filamentous / fiber-like

● Gives support and structure

● Has different types:

1. Cytoskeleton ➢ Microfilament – made up of actin

➢ Intermediate Filament – made up of protein

subunits
➢ Microtubule – made up of tubulin
• Made up of microtubules
2. Centrioles
• Produce spindle fibers for cell division
 • Provide a way in which cells can communicate with
other cells
• For plant cells, they communicate through the
plasmodesmata
• For animal cells, they use gap junctions and have
different types:
3. Cell Junctions
➢ Tight Junction – allows biochemicals to move

➢ Anchoring Junction – connection between cells

like a rivet
➢ Gap Junction – protein channel and allows
exchange of ions, nutrients, and other molecules

MENDELIAN GENETICS

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL

● Grefor Johann Mendel was born Johann Mendel on Jult 22, 1822
 ● He spent his early youth in that rural settlement until age 11, when a local schoolmaster
who was impressed with his aptitude for learning recommended that he be sent to
secondary school in Troppau to continue his education.
● However, against the wishes of his father, who expected him to take over the family
farm, Mendel began studying to be a monk: He joined the Augustianian order at the St.
Thomas Monastery in Brno, and was given the name Gregor.
● Around 1851, Mendel began to research teh transmission of hereditary traits in plant
hybrids. At the time of Mendel’s studies, it was a generally accepted dact that the
hereditary traits of the offspring of any species were merely the diluted blending of
whatever traits were present in the “parent”.
● Between 1856 and 1863, mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 pea plants
● He found that the plants offspring retained traits of the parents
● Called the “Father of Genetics”
● Grefor Mendel died on January 6, 1884, at the age of 61. He was laid to rest in the
monastery’s buroa; [;ot and his funeral was well attended. His work, however, was still
largely unknown.
● It was not until decades later, when Menddel;s research infrormd the work of several
noted geneticists, botanists and niologists conducting research on heredity, including
Hugo de Vries that its significance was more fully appreciated and his studies began to
be referred to as Mendel’s Laws.

GENETIC TERMINOLOGY
1. Trait - any characteristics that can be passed from parent to offspring.
2. Heredity - passing of traits from parent to offspring
3. Genetics - study of heredity
4. Alleles - two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive); Gense carry the information that
determines your traits (Say: traits), which are features or characteristics that are passed
on to you - or - inherited - from your parents.