LESSON#2: NON MENDELIAN PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE is when a domiannt allele or form of a gene, does not completely
mask the effect of a recessive allele, and the organism’sm resulting physical appearance shows
a blending of both alleles.

Example: snapdragons (flower)

red (RR) x white (rr)

RR = red flower
Rr = white flower

red (RR) x white (rr)

r r

R Rr Rr Heterotype: 100% Pink

R Rr Rr Phenotype: 100% Heterozygous Pink

CONDOMINANCE is when some enes have alleles that are both expressed in the
heterozygote individuals.

A condominance Punnett square showing a test cross between a white-furred bull (WW) and
a red-furred cow (RR). All their offspring are heterozygotes (genotype RW), displaying both
white and red fur (ROAN)

In condomiance, the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. As a result, both alleles are
expressed in the offspring.

B B The offspring of the cross in this Punnett

square will have both black and white
W BW BW features.

W BW BW

CONDOMINANT ALLELES HAVE THREE PHENOTYPES

 ● Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease the hemoglobin of the red blood cells
● Hemoglobin is normally a ball-shaped molecule
● The sickle cell allele makes it form a long strands
● The red blood cell carrying these molecules distorts into characteristics

THE GENETICS OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

a. The shape of the haemagloibin molecule is cintrilled by two alleles:
1. Normal Hemoglobin allele
2. Sickle Cell Hemoglobin
b. There are three (3) phenotypes:
1. Normal - Normal individuals have two normal haemlobin alleles
2. Sickle Cell Anemia - a severe form where all the red blood cells are affected. A
genetic disease in the hemoglobin. Sickle cell anaemia patients have two sickle
cell alleles in their genotype.
3. Sickle Cell Trait - a mild condition where 50% of the red blood cells are affected.
Sickle cell trait individuals are heterozygotes, having one of each allele.

SYMBOLS FOR CONDOMINANT ALLELES

● Both alleles are expressed in the heterozygote both tke a CAPITAL CASE letter
● An❑index letter identifies the allele
● Therefore:
○ Normal Haemoglobin allele is Hb N
○ Sickle cell allele is Hb S

CODOMINANT GENOTYPES

Genotypes Phenotypes
N N Normal hemoglobin
Hb Hb
N S Sickle cell trait
Hb Hb
S S Sickle cell anaemia
Hb Hb
MULTIPLE ALLELES are certain genetic traits that are determined by more than just two
(dominant and recessive ) alleles. Human blood types are an example and it was discovered
byu Karl Landsteiner in 1901. According to him, there are four types of blood: Type O, A, B, AB

45% of the U.S. population are type O, 42% type A, 10% type B and 3% type AB

THE ABO BLOOD SYSTEM

● This is a controlled by a tri-allelic gene
● It can generate 6 genotypes
● These alleles control the production of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
● Two of the alleles are codominant to one another and both are dominant over the third
● Allele I A produces antigen A
● Allele I B produces antigen B
● Allele i produce no antigen
● Immuno homoglobin - essential in the making of homoglobins
 PHENOTYPE (Blood types) GENOTYPES

Type A A A A
I I or I i

Type B B B B
I I or I i

Type AB A
I I
B

Type O ii

BLOOD TYOES AND TRANSFUSIONS

● Blood types vary and your immune sys
● People who are Type A blood produce
SEX LINKED INHERITANCE
 ● Associated with a male and female characteristics
● Characters which are associate more with one gender

HUMAN KARYOTYPE

Pair#1 and Pair#22 are considered as somatic/otosomes chromosomes.

Pair#23 are the sex chromosomes, which detrmine the gender of the organism.

GENDER DETERMINATION IN HUMANS

● Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
● 22 of them are called autosomal
● 23rd pair are the sex chromosome
● XX = Female
● XY = Male

MALE KARYTYPE FEMALE KARYOTYPE

WHAT IS THE IMPORATCE OF KARYOTYPING?

 ● Karotyping is important when people want to find out if their children will have any
genetic disorders that involve changes in the chromosomes
● When parents are interested or nervous about whether or not their unborn baby will have
a genetic disroeder, thay can have a doctor prepare a karyotupe of the unborn child.
Then they can decide what they want to about any negative feedback they get. This is
strictly important for mothers over 35, since the risk of Down Syndrome is significantly
higher when youre plder than 35.
● The value of being critical in choosing a future husband or wife.
● Both parties must determine whether they carry lethal genes that may be transmitted to
their possible offsprings.

THOMAS HUNT MORGAN'S DROSOPHILA EXPERIMENT

● Thomas Hunt Morgan from Cplumbie University performed experiments in the early
1900’s which provided convincing evifence that Mendel’s inheritable factor are located
on chromosomes
● Morgan select dthe fruit fly - Drosophilia melanigaster as the experimental organims
becasue these flies:
○ Are easily cultured in the lab
○ Are prolific breeders
○ Hace only 4 pairs of chromosomes which are easily seen with a microscope.
○ Difference between gender is tangeable.
■ Brown tip - male
■ White tip - female
Duplicated the mendelian experiment, where instead of a platnt experiment, a fruit fly was
utilized.