NON-MENDELIAN PATTERN

OF INHERITANCE

Prepared by: Ms. Angielyn G.

Aranda
 There are other Pattern of Inheritance that do
not follow Mendel’s Principles.
1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
✔ Some traits don’t follow the 2. CODOMINANCE
3. OVERDOMINANCE
simple dominant/recessive rules 4. MULTIPLE ALLELE
that Mendel first applied to 5. LETHAL ALLELE
6. INCOMPLETE PENETRANCE
genetics. 7. EXPRESSIVITY
✔ Traits can be controlled by more 8. EPISTASIS
than one gene. 9. PLEITROPHY
✔ Some alleles are neither 10.SEX AND TRAITS
10.1 SEX-LINKED
dominant nor recessive. 10.2 SEX-INFLUENCED
10.3 SEX-LIMITED
 1. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
✔ Characterized by blending of
inheritance.
✔ The heterozygous phenotype is a
blending of the two homozygous
phenotypes.
✔ Example: four o’clock flowers
rr=red
ww=white
rw=pink (blending of the two alleles)
A rooster with grey feathers is mated with a hen of the
same phenotype.  Among their offspring 15 chicks are
grey, 6 are black and 8 are white.

 
A.    What offspring would you expect from the mating of a grey
rooster and a black hen?
 

the rooster would be Bb and the hen BB (B = black, b= white)

half the offspring would be BB (black) and half Bb (grey)
 2. CODOMINANCE

✔ Two alleles are both expressed as a

dominant phenotype
✔ Characterized by expression of both
alleles
✔ Coat color in cows

RR: Red
WW: White
RW: Roan, white with red spots (NOT
pink!)
 3. OVERDOMINANCE

Example = Sickle-cell
✔ The overdominance hypothesis anemia
was developed independently Affected individuals produce
by Edward M. East (1908) and abnormal form of
George Shull (1908) hemoglobin
✔ This pattern occurs when the Two alleles
heterozygote has a trait that is HbA  Encodes the normal
more beneficial than hemoglobin, hemoglobin A
homozygote. HbS  Encodes the
✔ ALSO KNOWN AS abnormal hemoglobin,
Heterozygous Advantage hemoglobin S
The sickle cell allele has been found at a fairly high
frequency in parts of Africa where malaria is found
How come?
Malaria is caused by a protozoan, Plasmodium
This parasite undergoes its life cycle in two main
parts
One inside the Anopheles mosquito
The other inside red blood cells
Red blood cells of heterozygotes, are likely to
rupture when infected by Plasmodium sp.
This prevents the propagation of the parasite.

Therefore, HbAHbS individuals are “better” than

HbSHbS, because they are more resistant to malaria

HbAHbA, because they do not suffer from sickle
cell anemia
 4. MULTIPLE ALLELE
DETERMINING BLOOD TYPE
✔ Codominance
• Protein molecules found on the surface of
✔ More than two choices of alleles are RBC’s and in the blood plasma determine the
present for a trait blood type of an individual.
✔ ABO blood type has three alleles Antigens are located on the surface of the red
blood cells.
– are substances that are recognized by
ABO Blood types: antibodies
✔ If both A and B are present, type is AB Antibodies are in the blood plasma.
– produced by the immune system.
✔ Neither is recessive
✔ Individuals can be type A, B, AB, or There are three different types of antigens found
on red blood
O (recessive) Antigen A, which is controlled by allele IA
Antigen B, which is controlled by allele IB
Antigen O, which is controlled by allele i
 Blood transfusions – who can receive blood from whom?

✔ The transfusion will work if a

person who is going to receive
blood has a blood group that doesn't
have any antibodies against the
donor blood's antigens.
 A woman with type O blood, whose father has type A and
whose mother has type B has a child with type O. There is
a dispute over the identity of the child's father. Two men
are possible fathers. One is type AB and the other is type A

a. What is the mother's genotype?

• b. Which man could be the father?
• c. If this man is the father, what is his genotype?
• d. What are the genotypes of the woman's parents?
 5. LETHAL ALLELE

✔ Essential genes are those that are

absolutely required for survival.
✔ A lethal allele is one that has the
potential to cause the death of an Lethal alleles may be :
organism. • Dominant
✔ These alleles are typically the
result of mutations in essential • Recessive
genes
✔ IS A CONDITION WHEN A CERTAIN
COMBINATION OF ALLELES WILL
RESULT TO DEATH OF CARRIER.
 DOMINANT LETHAL
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE- an
inherited disorder that results
in the death of brain cells.
Characterized by progressive
degeneration of the nervous
system, dementia and early
death
The age of onset of the
disease is usually between 30
to 50
 RECESSIVE LETHAL

Achondroplasia is due to
a mutation in the
fibroblast growth factor
receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene.
In about 80% of cases,
this occurs as a new
mutation during early
development.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessive lethal gene and can be
detected by an excess concentration of chloride in sweat. If a
sweat test reveals a man to be heterozygous and his wife to be
homozygous normal.
A. what are the chances that their children will have the
disease?
B. Could any of their grandchildren have the disease?
 6. INCOMPLETE PENETRANCE

A term that describes when some

people with a disease-causing mutation
(change) in a gene develop the disease
while others don’t. For example, certain
gene mutations cause cancer, but
because of incomplete penetrance, not
everyone who has the mutation will
develop cancer. Currently, there is no
way to know which people who have a
cancer-causing gene mutation will
develop cancer. Also called reduced
penetrance.