LESSON#1: MENDELINAN GENETICS

A. GEGOR JOHANN MENDEL

● CONTRIBUTIONS:
○ He was called the “Father of Genetics”
○ He and Darwin came up a Theory of Natural Selection
● HISTORY
○ Born in July 22, 1822
○ Spent his healthy youth in a rural setting, until the age of 11, when a local
school master who was impressed with his aptitude for learning
recommended that he be sent to secondary school in Troppave to
continue his education.
○ Against his fathers wishes to take over their farm, Mendel began studying
to be a monk: he joined the “Augustianian Order” at the St. Thomas
Monastery in Brno, and was given the name Gregor.
○ Around 1854, Mendel began to plant peas, to research the transmossopm
pf hereditary traitns implants hybrids At the time of Mendell’s studies, it
was generally accepted the fact that the hereditary traits of the offspring
of any species were merely the diluted blending of whatever traits were
present im the “parents”.
○ Between 1856 & 1863, Mendel cultivated & tested some 28,000 pea
plants. He found that the plant's offspring retained traits of the parents.
○ He died on January 6 1884 at the age of 61. He was buried in a
monastery burial plot & his funeral was well attended. His work, however,
was largely unknown.
○ Decades later when Mendells research informed the work of several
botanists, genetics, & biologists conducting research on heredity including
Hugo de Vries that its significance was more fully appreciated and his
studies began to be referred to as Mendel’s Laws.
B. GENETIC TERMINOLOGY

Trait Any characteristic that can bea passed from parent tooffspring

Heredity Passing of traits parent to offspring

Genetics Study of heredity

Alleles Two forms of a gene (dominant & recessive)

Genes carry the information that determines your traits, which are
features or characteristfs that passed on to you - or inherited - from
your parents.

Dominant - Stronger of two genres expressed in the hybrid

- Represemny by a capital letter “R”
- Always expressed in a person
- What we see to a person

Recessobe - Hene that shows up less often on a cross

- Represented by a lowercase “r”
- Always hidden/overshadowed by the dominant alleles

Genotype ● Gene combination for a trait

● Hozygous Genotype
○ Gene combinaion involving 2 dominations/2
recessive genes are called pure
○ RR/rr (similar)
● Heterozygous Genotype
○ Gene combinaion involving one dominations one
recessive genes are called hybrid
○ Rr (different)

Phenotype ● The physical feature resulting from a genotype

Monohybrid ● Cross involving a single traits

Cross ● Flower color
● Considering one traits at a time

Dihybrid Cross ● Cross involving two traits

● Flower Color & Plant height
● Considering two trait at a time
C. GENOTYPE VS PHENOTYPE

GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

- Are the genetic make-up of an - Are the set of observable

individual characteristic of an individual
- Inside of something resulting from the interaction of its
genotype with the environment
- Looks of something
D. GENOTYPE AND PHENOTYPE IN FLOWERS
MONOHYBRID CROSS
● It is a cross between 2 parents
different in a single pair of
contrasting characters
● Ex: A cross between pore tail (tt)
& a dwarf (tt) pea plant.
DIHYBRID CROSS
● It is a cross between 2 parents
different in two alternative traits of
two different characters
● Ex: A cross between a tall &
purple bearing pea plant with a
dwarf & white bearing pea plant.
E. MENDEL’S PEA PLANT EXPERIMENT
WHY PEAS (PISUM SATIUUM)?
● Can be grown in a small area
● Produce of lots of offspring
● Produce pure plants when allowed to self-pollinate
● Can be artificially cross pollinate
A. Mendell hand-pollinated flower using a paintbrush
● He pollinate the peas himself
● He could snip the stamens to prevent self-pollination
● Covered each flower with a cloth bag

B. Hetraced traits through the several generation

F. LAWS OF DOMINANCE
● Shows in F1
● Stated as: “In a cross of parents that are pure for contrrasting traits only one form
og the trap will appear in the next generation - offspring that are hybrid for a trait
will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype”

DID YOU OBSERVED RATIO MATCHED THE THEORETHICAL RATIO?

● The theoretical/expected ratio of plants producing tall/short plants is 3 tall : 1
short
● Mendells Observed ratio was 2.96 : 1
● The Disxrepanct is due to statirstical error
● The larher the simple the more unfairly the results approximate to the theoretical
ratio.

G. PUNNETT SQUARE
● It is diagram that is used to prepare an one an outcome of a particular
cross/breeding experiment
● Named after Reginald C. Punnet
H. LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
● Alleles for different traits are distributed to specific cells (2 offspring
independently of one another)
○ Two traits at the same time
● This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses
○ Possible way to produce hetero/homo