NAME: SANIYA VIJAY

NANHE
CLASS: 12 TH CBSE
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
COLLEGE: ST PAUL JR.
COLLEGE
TOPIC: STUDY AND
OBSERVATION OF
MENDEL
CONTRASTING TRAITS
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION OF GREGOR MENDEL

• REASON FOR HIDDENESS OF MENDEL WORK

• MENDEL EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL

• CHARACTER SELECTED BY MENDEL

• MENDEL EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE

• MONOHYBRID CROSS

• DIHYBRID CROSS
INTRODUCTION OF GREGOR MENDEL
• Gregor Mendel, known as the "father of
modern genetics," was born in Austria in 1822.

• He spent his early youth in that rural setting,

until age 11, when a local schoolmaster who
was impressed with his aptitude for learning
recommended that he be sent to secondary
school in Troppau to continue his education.

• The move was a financial strain on his family,

and often a difficult experience for Mendel, but
he excelled in his studies, and in 1840, he
graduated from the school with honors. In
1853, upon completing his studies at the
University of Vienna, Mendel returned to the
monastery in Brno and was given a teaching
position at a secondary school, where he
would stay for more than a decade.

• A monk, Mendel discovered the basic principles of

heredity through experiments in his monastery's
garden. His experiments showed that the
inheritance of certain traits in pea plants follows
particular patterns, subsequently becoming the
foundation of modern genetics and leading to the
study of heredity.
 REASON FOR HIDDENESS OF MENDEL WORK

Mendel's work remained unrecognized from 1865 to 1900.

The reasons are as follows:
1. The communication procedure to publish a research work
was not easy in those days and his work got lack of
publicity.
2. His concept of genes as stable and discrete units that
controlled the expression of traits and of the pair of alleles
that did not blend with each other was not accepted by
other scientists of that time as an explanation for the
apparently continuous variation that is generally seen in
nature.
3. Mendel was the first person to approach using
mathematics to explain biological phenomena, which was
totally new concept so it was unacceptable to many of the
biologists of that time. He could not provide any physical
proof for the existence of factors, a discrete unit, and what
they were made of. So, it was unacceptable.
4. A Punnett square is a graphical representation of the
possible genotypes of an offspring arising from a particular
cross – this was a totally new concept at that time.
5. Scientists at that time were engaged to evaluate Darwin's
work and his theory of evolution and Mendel's theories of
inheritance and heredity was just opposite to that of
Darwin's theories. So, it was unrecognized.
MENDEL EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL
Mendel studied the common garden pea plant, Pisum
sativum, because it was easy to cultivate and had a relatively
short life cycle of 3 months. The plant exhibited discontinuous
characteristics such as flower colour and pea texture. Owing to
its anatomy, it was easy to control the self pollination of the
plant and cross-fertilization between desired parents could be
accomplished artificially. The presence of pure breeding varieties
and easily visible contrasting characters and presence of F1
fertile hybrids were the additional advantageous characters for
which Mendel choose garden pea as experimental material
Mendel worked with 34 varieties of garden pea
plant, Pisum sativum. The diploid chromosome number in
Pisum sativum is 14. In his experiment, he choose seven
visible factors or unit characters each represented by two
contrasting forms or traits (dominant and recessive).
 CHARACTER SELECTED BY MENDEL
There were seven characters from the pea plant that Mendel
picked for the experiments. Stem height, flower colour,
flower place, pod shape, pod colour, seed shape, seed
colour were the characters that were chosen by Mendel for his
research. In a pea plant, all these characters belong to different
chromosomes.
MENDEL EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
1. Selection of parents – The first step in hybridization is the
selection of parents from the available material possessing desired
characters. They must be chosen with a great care taking into account

2. Selfing of parents – The seconds step is the Selfing of parents to obtain

homozygosity in desired characters. The parents are grown in isolated places and are
self pollinated repeatedly in order to bring homozygosity in desired traits all the
objectives of work.
3. Hybridisation technique

- Emasculation – The pollen and anthers are cut off from the flower, so as
to avoid self pollination

- Bagging – Covering the emasculated flower by a bag to ensure

that pollinating agents don’t reach the emasculated flower. Pollen
of desired type can be dusted on the stigma of emasculated flower.

- Pollination- Peas can also be cross-pollinated by hand, simply by

opening the flower buds to remove their pollen-producing stamen (and
prevent self-pollination) and dusting pollen from one plant onto the
stigma of another. To cross-pollinate peas, pollen from the stamen of 1
plant is transferred to the stigma of another

-
 MONOHYBRID CROSS
A monohybrid cross is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which
result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.” “The cross between two
monohybrid traits (TT and tt) is called a Monohybrid Cross.” Monohybrid cross is
responsible for the inheritance of one gene.

A monohybrid cross results in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 (dominant to recessive)

A genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 (homozygous dominant to heterozygous to homozygous
recessive).

CONCLUSION
1. LAW OF DOMINANCE
Mendel's law of dominance states that: “When parents with pure, contrasting
traits are crossed together, only one form of trait appears in the next generation.
The hybrid offspring will exhibit only the dominant trait in the phenotype.” Law of
dominance is known as the first law of inheritance
.
2. LAW OF SEGREGATION
Law of segregation is the second law of inheritance. This law explains
that the pair of alleles segregate from each other during meiosis cell
division (gamete formation) so that only one allele will be present in each
gamete. Every organism inherits two alleles for each trait.
DIHYBRID CROSS
A dihybrid cross can be explained as a breeding process that happens between
two organisms which are identical hybrids for two traits. A dihybrid cross
represents a cross between two organisms where both individuals are
heterozygous for two different traits.
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio is the classic Mendelian ratio for a dihybrid cross in
which the alleles of two different genes assort independently into gametes.
1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 ratio of the nine possible genotypes
An example of a dihybrid cross is the cross between a homozygous pea plant
with round yellow seeds and wrinkled green seeds. The round yellow seeds are
represented by RRYY alleles, whereas the wrinkled green seeds are represented by rryy
the four alleles are assorted randomly to produce four types of gametes .
CONCLUSION
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
The Law of Independent Assortment states that during a dihybrid
cross (crossing of two pairs of traits), an assortment of each pair of
traits is independent of the other. In other words, during gamete
formation, one pair of trait segregates from another pair of traits
independently.