Objectives:

After going through this lesson, you are expected

to:
a.describe the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance.
b.differentiate monohybrid cross from dihybrid cross.
Look at the pictures of
different organisms.
 What can you observe?
 Could you identify some
differences and similarities
among them?

Variation is a fascinating
feature of living things.
It can exist among organisms
of the same species (roses) or
among different species (dogs
and cats).
Look at your seatmates. Observe the following traits indicated
in the table.
Traits Appearance
Type of hair Straight Curly or wavy
Earlobes Attached Unattached
Eyes Wide Narrow
Tongue Ability to roll Inability to roll
Color of the skin Light or fair Dark
Hairline Straight With widow’s peak
Dimples With dimples Without dimples
Handedness Left handedness Right handedness
Nose High-bridged Low-bridged
Eyelashes Long Short
What is GENETICS?
Genetics is a branch of biology which studies
heredity and variation among organisms.
It studies the transmission of genes from one
generation to another.

Heredity is the study of how traits are

passed on from parents to offspring.
Variation is the similarities and differences
among organism.
GENETIC INFORMATION
Gene is the basic unit of
genetic information. It
determines the inherited
characteristics
The genome is the
collection of genetic
information.
Genes are stored in the
chromosomes.
 HUMAN GENOME
Human cells contain 46
chromosomes.
22 pairs of body
chromosomes or
autosomes.
2 sex chromosomes
(XY or XX)
GENOTYPES AND PHENOTYPES
At each locus (except for the sex
chromosomes) there are 2 genes. These
constitute the individual’s genotype.
The expression of a genotype is termed as the
phenotype.
 DOMINANT VS. RECESSIVE ALLELE
A dominant allele is
expressed even if it is paired
with a recessive allele.
A recessive allele is only
visible when paired with
another recessive allele. If it
paired with a dominant
allele, it is masked with the
dominant one.
Mendel’s Laws of
Inheritance
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Gregor Mendel is an Austrian

monk who first studied about
inheritance using a garden
pea.
He got interested in peas and
noted several of their
distinguishing character traits.
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Monohybrid Cross
Mendel crossed a pure breed of round seeds with the
pure wrinkled seeds. He did this several times and from
each cross, he got the same result.

✓ The P1 in the cross stands

for the first parents (the
pure breeds).
✓ The F1 stands for the first
filial generation or first
offspring.
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

The offspring on the first filial generations are called

hybrids. They are the result of a cross between two pure-
breeding plants. They resemble one another and one of
the parents.
Table 1. Results of the cross between pure breed pea plants
FIRST FILIAL
TRAITS STUDIED PARENTS
GENERATION (F1)
SEED SHAPE Round X Wrinkled All round
SEED COLOR Yellow X Green All yellow
POD SHAPE Inflated X Constricted All inflated
POD COLOR Yellow X Green All green
FLOWER COLOR Purple X White All purple
FLOWER LOCATION Axial X Terminal All axial
PLANT HEIGHT Tall X Short All tall
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Crossing the hybrids

In Mendel’s 2nd experiment, he tried to cross the plants
from the F1 generation (hybrid) with each other.
The resulting plants from this cross, or the second filial
generation (F2) were of two types: about three fourths
(3/4) had round seeds and about ¼ had wrinkled seeds.
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Mendel’s 1st Law of Inheritance:

Law of Dominance
Mendel’s law of dominance states that in an
heterozygous pair of alleles, one trait will conceal
the presence of another trait for the same
characteristics.
The trait of round seed that appeared on the F1 is
called a dominant trait. The trait which did not
appear wrinkled because its appearance was
masked by the dominant trait is called a recessive
trait.
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Mendel’s 2nd Law of Inheritance:

Law of Segregation
This law explains that the pair of alleles segregate
from each other during gamete formation (meiosis)
so that only one allele will be present in each
gamete.
The law of segregation is based on four concepts:
When gametes are produced by meiosis, the allelic
pair separate, leaving each gamete with a single
allele.
Every organism inherits two alleles for each trait.
The two alleles of a pair different, i.e., one is dominant
and the other is recessive.
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Mendel’s 2nd Law of Inheritance:

Law of Segregation
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Mendel’s 3rd Law of Inheritance:

Law of Independent Assortment
This law states that the alleles of two (or more)
different genes gets sorted into gametes
independently of one another.
It also states that during fertilization, the genes
come together again to form new set of
combinations.
 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

Dihybrid Cross (Cross with Two Factors)

Mendel did not only study the inheritance of one pair

of factors or alleles. He also studied the inheritance of
two pairs of alleles. The cross that involves two pairs of
alleles is called dihybrid.