GENETIC

PLANT BREEDING
PROPAGATIO
N

Reporter: Reynaldo C. Almano Jr.

 OBJECTIVES:

-Explain Mendel’s selection of peas for genetic experiments and its

significance
-Define allele, dominance, phenotype, genotype, homozygous,
heterozygous, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, backcross, linkage,
chromosomal mapping and Hardy-Weinberg law
-Differentiate between genotype and phenotype
 GENETICS

Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and

variation in living organisms. It involves
understanding how traits are inherited and passed
from one generation to the next.
 GREGOR MENDEL
• Conducted pioneering experiments on pea
plants in the 19th century.
• His work laid the foundation for the study of
heredity.
• Mendel is referred to as " The Father of
Genetics".
REASON WHY MENDEL CHOSE PEAS
(PISUM SATIVUM)
• Control fertilization

• Short life cycle

• Lots of characters
REASON WHY MENDEL CHOSE PEAS
(PISUM SATIVUM)
• Control fertilization

• Short life cycle

• Lots of characters
 FACTOR (ALWAYS
EXPRESSED)

FACTOR (SUPPRESSED)

ALLELES
 ALLELES
A variant form of gene that occupies a
specific location, called locus, on a
chromosome. It represent different versions
of a gene, and they can result in variations in
observable traits or characteristics of an
organism.
P- Purple colored p- white colored
flower flower
PP X pp
PP- Purple colored pp- white colored
flower flower
PP X pp
 DOMINANT ALLELE
(ALWAYS EXPRESSED)

RECESSIVE ALLELE
(SUPPRESSED)

ALLELES
 TYPES OF ALLELE
Dominant alleles- alleles are expressed phenotypically when present in
either homozygous or heterozygous state. Represented by uppercase
letters.

Recessive alleles- expressed phenotypically only when present in

homozygous state. Represented by lowercase letters.
 TYPES OF ALLELE

Dominance- refers to the relationship between two different alleles of a

gene in determining the expression of a trait in an organism.
Homozygous (PP/pp)
• same set of genes
• both dominant/recessive

Heterozygous (Pp)
• different set of genes
• one dominant and the other recessive
PHENOTY
PE Refers to the observable physical,
biochemical and behavioral
characteristics of an organism,
resulting from the interaction between
its genetic makeup (genotype) and the
environment.
GENOTYP Genotype- refers to the specific genetic
makeup of an organism, including the
E combination of alleles it possesses for a
particular set of genes. It represents the
underlying genetic information that an
organism inherits from its parents.
 TYPES OF CROSSES
Monohybrid cross- a genetic cross between two
individuals that differ in only one trait or gene. It
involves studying the inheritance of a single
characteristic or trait from one generation to the next.

Dihybrid cross- a genetic cross between two individuals

that differ in two traits or genes simultaneously. It involves
studying the inheritance of a single characteristic or trait
from one generation to the next.
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
DIHYBRID CROSS
 TYPES OF CROSSES
Backcross- is a breeding technique used to introduce or
reinforce specific traits or characteristics of one parent
into the offspring. It involves crossing the hybrid
offspring (F1 generation) with one of its parents or a
parent that possesses the desired trait.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MENDEL'S
SELECTION OF PEAS: (LAW OF
GENETICS)
Laws of Segregation: During gamete formation, the
alleles for each gene segregate from each other such
that each gamete formed carries only one allele for
each gene.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MENDEL'S
SELECTION OF PEAS:
The Law of Independent Assortment: The traits
inherited through one gene will be inherited
independently of the traits inherited through another
gene because the genes reside on different
chromosomes that are independently assorted into
daughter cells during meiosis.
 LINKAGES
• refers to the tendency of two or more genes
to be inherited together more frequently
ge
ne than would be expected based on their
s
individual probabilities of inheritance.
Genes that are located close to each other on
the same chromosome tend to be linked.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MENDEL'S
SELECTION OF PEAS:

Law of Dominance: Some alleles are dominant while

others are recessive. An organism with at least one
dominant allele displays the effect irrespective of the
presence of the recessive ones"
CHROMOSOMAL MAPPING
• is a technique used to determine the
relative positions of genes on a
ge
ne chromosome and create a map of their
s
locations.
 HARDY-WEINBERG
LAW
it describes the relationship between allele and
genotype frequencies in an idealized, non-evolving
populations. It provides a mathematical framework
for understanding how genetic variation is
maintained or changed in a population over
generations.
 KEY ASSUMPTIONS:
• large population size
• random mating
• no mtations
• no migration
• no natural selection