Heredity:

Inheritance and
Variation
GENETICS HEREDITY

Branch of biology Refers to the passing

that studies of characteristics
hereditary from parents to
information. offspring.
 GENETICS HEREDITY

Examines and explains Hereditary

the similarities and characteristics
differences among Ex. Eye color, height,
individuals texture of hair, shape of
earlobes, skin color
 VARIATIONS

Differences among Each individual does

individuals possess unique traits
belonging to the that differentiate
same species him/her from others
 GENETICS
MENDELIAN
MOLECULAR
GENETICS
GENETICS
– Reviews the basic laws of
– Chemical nature of the
inheritance that were
gene, the mechanism of of
described by Gregor
transmission and its
Mendel
application
GENETICS
POPULATION GENETICS
– Focuses on the behavior of a particular
gene frequency in group of organism and
how gene frequency is affected by
environmental factors
Is the study of Genetics important?

All living things are governed by

the laws of Heredity.
GENETICS
 Gender  Intelligence
 Physical  Blood types
characteristics  Abnormalities
 Potential for some
diseases
Where did the study of heredity
started?
 GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
(1822 – 1884)

 “Fatherof Genetics”
 An Austrian Priest
 He laid the foundation for the
understanding of heredity and
variation
 GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
(1822 – 1884)

 He was the first to explain the

mechanism of heredity
 His findings still form the basis
of genetics, called Mendelian or
Transmission Genetics.
 Why use the Garden pea?

The garden pea is an ideal subject for the study of genetics because
of the following reasons;
 Presence of observable traits with contrasting forms
 Produces many offspring in one cross
 Short life cycle
 Ease in manipulating pollination (cross – pollination)
 MONOHYBRID MONOHYBRID
INHERITANCE CROSS

Inheritance involving Crossing of two pure

one pair of contrasting breeding garden peas
characters (alleles) Ex. One with purple
flower, the other with
white flower
 PURE BREEDING PARENTAL
PLANTS GENERATION (P1)
 Produce only one form of
a particular when they
self – fertilize  First organisms that are
 Served as the Parental
crossed in a breeding
experiment
generation
 GENETICS
In the study of Genetics, symbols are used to represent individual
organisms.
The first letter of either allele is used as a symbol. The symbols P
and p represent the genotype of the individual.
FIRST FILIAL GENERATION – the resulting plants after cross
pollinating the two P1 generation garden peas
 GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE

 Gene responsible for

Observable
the observed trait expressions of the
trait
Written in symbol
 Ex. Purple or white
flower
 HOMOZYGOUS HOMOZYGOUS
DOMINANT RECESSIVE

Gene carrying two Simply called Recessive

dominant alleles Gene carrying two recessive
Ex. RR alleles
(Round – seed parent) Ex. rr
(Wrinkled – seed parent)
HETEROZYGOUS

Gene carrying one dominant allele

and one recessive allele
Ex. Rr
(Heterozygous round seed)
 PUNNET SQUARE
 A diagram made of boxes
 Used to predict the expected results of a genetic cross
by considering all the possible combination of gametes
in a cross.
 Named after its inventor Reginald Punnet

(Refer to your book, pg. 65 for an example)

 LAWS OF HEREDITY
(Read more of each postulate on your book)

MENDELIAN POSTULATES – Sets of genetic laws and

rules that explain the factors affecting heredity
1. Rule of unit factor in pair
2. Principle of dominance and Recessiveness
3. Law of Segregation
4. Law of Independent Assortment
GOODLUCK WITH
YOUR EXAM !!