HEREDITY,

INHERITANCE
AND VARIATION
PART 1

Presented by: ANGELA D. VIRAY, RN,LPT

 Give me one traits that you
inherit with your mother and
from your father
 Lets review
During your grade 8, you were introduced to the
mendelian inheritance and you were able to
discover how traits are being transferred from
parent to their children
 The passing of traits from
parents to offspring is
HEREDITY and the science
that deals with the study of
heredity is GENETICS.
Gregor mendel
(1822–1884)
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian
monk who discovered the basic
principles of heredity through
experiments in his garden. Mendel's
observations became the foundation
of modern genetics and the study of
heredity, and he is widely
considered a pioneer in the field of
genetics.
Gregor mendel
(1822–1884)
Gregor Mendel, known as the "father of
modern genetics," was born in Austria in
1822. A monk, Mendel discovered the
basic principles of heredity through
experiments in his monastery's garden.
His experiments showed that the
inheritance of certain traits in pea plants
follows particular patterns, subsequently
becoming the foundation of modern
genetics and leading to the study of
heredity.
Why Pea Plants?

Mendel used pea plants in his

experiments largely because of
their ability to self pollinate.
MENDEL’S LAW OF INHERITANCE
Mendel came up with two major laws of inheritance:

• The law of segregation (4 parts)

• The law of independent assortment.
LAW OF SEGREGATION
There are four parts to this law

1.There are ere are alternate versions of genes called alleles.

2. For each characteristic, an organism inherits two alleles.

3. Alleles interact in a number of ways. (dominance, incomplete
dominance, codominance)

4. The two alleles for a trait separate during gamete production

Law of independent assortment

• This law states the inheritance of one trait will not

affect the inheritance of another.

• This is only true for traits that are not linked.
The importance of Mendel
Why is Mendel’s work so important?  Before his time
no one took the time to figure out how traits were
passed on.  Mendel’s work laid the basic framework
for other scientists to build on.
After Mendel
Mendel’s work was rediscovered in 1900.  Other
scientists started to add to his ideas to build the current
model of genetics as we know it.  This is called
classical genetics.
 46 chromosomes

23 23
What is allele?
YOU
Humans have usually 2alleles
per gene . 1 from mother
your and 1 from our father.

An allele is one of two or more versions of a

gene. An individual inherits two alleles for
each gene, one from each parent. ... Though
the term allele was originally used to describe
variation among genes, it now also refers to
variation among non-coding DNA sequences.
 Blood type
A B O

TYPE “A” TYPE “A”

“HOMOZYGOUS” “HETEROZYGOUS”
refers to having inherited different
describes the genetic condition or forms of a particular gene from
the genetic state where an each parent.
individual has inherited the same
DNA sequence for a particular
gene from both their biological
mother and their biological father.

DOMINANT RECESSIVE
AA is a variation of a gene
that will produce a
certain phenotype,
AO Allele that is only
expressed in absence
of a dominant allele.
even in the presence
of other alleles.
A phenotype is an individual's
observable traits, such as height,
eye color, and blood type.  Blood type
A genotype is an individual's
collection of genes. The term also
can refer to the two alleles
inherited for a particular gene.

A B O

TYPE “A” “PHENOTYPE” TYPE “A”

AA “GENOTYPE” AO
Inheritance is the process by The Punnett square is a square diagram

INHERITANCE
which genetic information is that is used to predict the genotypes of a
passed on from parent to child. particular cross or breeding experiment. It
This is why members of the same is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who
family tend to have similar devised the approach. The diagram is used
characteristics. by biologists to determine the probability
of an offspring having a particular
genotype. 

PUNNET SQUARE

A O
AA= 25%
AA AO 75 %

A AO= 50%
TYPE “A”

O AO OO
25 %
OO= 25% TYPE “O”

AO AO
PREDICT THE INHERITANCE USING
PUNNET SQUARE
The gene for hair color in rabbits has two alleles Q
and q. Q is dominant and codes for brown hair.
q is recessive and codes for white hair. Write out
all the possible genotypes and phenotypes.
NON-MENDELIAN
GENETICS
 NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

• Is a general term that refers to any pattern of

inheritance in which traits do not segregate in
accordance with Mendel's law

• These law describe the inheritance of traits

linked to single genes on chromosomes in the
nucleus.
NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS

TYPES:
1. INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE
2. CODOMINANCE
3. MULTIPLE ALELE
4. SEX LINKED
INHERITANCE
 INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

IT IS A FORM OF INTERMEDIATE
INHERITANCE IN WHICH ONE ALLELE FOR
A SPECIFIC TRAIT IS NOT COMPLETELY
EXPRESSED OVER OTS PAIRED ALLELE.

IT IS A FORM OF INHERITANCE WHICH

PRODUCES AN INTERMEDIATE TRAIT
 SAMPLE PROBLEM: incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance in is seen in cross pollination
experiments between red and white snap dragon plants.

In this monohybrid cross, the allele that produces the red

color (R) is not completely expressed over the allele that
produces the white color (r). The resulting offspring are pink.

We only use capital and small letters to represent traits but it

doesn’t mean that they are dominat or recessive trait.
4 offspring having intermediate trait (Rr)

r r
Rr= red snapdragon

R Rr Rr rr= white snapdragon

Rr= pink snapdragon

R Rr Rr
• A snap white snapdragon plant was pollinated with a pink snap dragon
plant. What will be the possible trait s that the offspring will inherit?

• STEP 1= Identify the traits presents on the genetics problem.

• STEP 2= Identify the gene pair of traits.
• STEP 3= Use a Punnet square and draw on a paper.
• STEP 4= Write the probability of an offspring.
• STEP 5 = After my countdown. All of you show your answers
in front of the camera.
4 offspring having intermediate trait (Rr)

r r
Probability:

R Rr Rr rr= 50% white snapdragonc

Rr= 50% pink snapdragon

r rr rr
• A snap pink snapdragon plant was pollinated with a pink snap dragon
plant. What will be the possible trait s that the offspring will inherit?

• STEP 1= Identify the traits presents on the genetics problem.

• STEP 2= Identify the gene pair of traits.
• STEP 3= Use a Punnet square and draw on a paper.
• STEP 4= Write the probability of an offspring.
• STEP 5 = After my countdown. All of you show your answers
in front of the camera.
4 offspring having intermediate trait (Rr)

R r
Probability:

R RR Rr RR= 25% white snapdragonc

rr= 25% white snapdragonc

Rr= 50% pink snapdragon

r Rr rr
ASYNCHRONOUS ACTIVITY
Open your google classroom and do the following activities:

Lesson 4: Activity No. 1 (Incomplete Dominance Drill)

Lesson 4: Activity No. 2:Red and White are still red and white