Science 9 Biology Q1 Week 4

HEREDITY: Inheritance and Variation

Introduction

You learned from the previous module that it was Gregor Mendel, who described the
transmission of genetic traits through his experiment using the pea plants and developed three
principles which are (1) principle of dominance and recessiveness, (2) principle of segregation,
and (3) principle of independent assortment. However, not all patterns of inheritance follow
these principles because not all genes show simple patterns of dominant and recessive alleles.
These patterns that do not follow the dominance-recessive relationship between alleles is known
as Non- Mendelian inheritance.
In this module, you will learn what non-Mendelian inheritance is and the differences of
each pattern.

Objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1. explain the different patterns of Non- Mendelian inheritance, namely, the incomplete
dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked trait; and
2. solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles,
and sex- linked trait.

Try this!

List the facts you know about non-Mendelian inheritance in arrow A and write in arrow
B what you want to know about non- Mendelian inheritance.

Facts A _______________________________________________
What _______________________________________________
you _______________________________________________
want to _______________________________________________
know

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________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

Think ahead!

From the simple activity above, what else do you want to know?

Read and Ponder

NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

When we talk about Mendelian inheritance, it follows the principle of dominant-recessive

relationship, which means the effects of the recessive gene are not observed when the dominant
gene is present. Non- Mendelian inheritance, on the other hand, does not follow Mendelian’s
principle because many traits observed are the results of a combined expression of alleles.
Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and sex-linked traits are the different
types of Non-Mendelian inheritance.

Types of Non- Mendelian Inheritance

 Incomplete Dominance
This type of inheritance occurs when one allele will not be completely dominant
over the other allele, resulting in a blending of the two alleles. For example, when we
cross a red flower carnation (RR) to a white flower carnation (rr), the resulting offspring
would have a pink flower carnation.

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Parents X

RR rr

Offspring

Rr Rr Rr Rr
Figure 1: When a red flower carnation is crossed with a white flower carnation, pink flowers are produced.

 Co- dominance (Complete Dominance)

It is a type of inheritance opposite to incomplete dominance. In co-dominance,
both alleles are dominant and equally strong and expressed at the same time. For
example, a white chicken (BB) is crossed with a black chicken (BB); the resulting
offspring is not a gray chicken but a chicken with both black and white feathers.

Parents X

BB BB

Offspring

BB BB BB BB
Figure 2: When a white chicken is crossed with a black chicken, combination of white and black feathers are produced.

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 Multiple Alleles
This type of inheritance involves more than just 2 alleles. A good example of this
is the human blood type. The human blood type can follow any of the first two
inheritance patterns mentioned above.

Table 1. The Human ABO BloodType

Phenotype Genotype

O ii
A IAIA or IAi
B IBIB or IBi
AB IAIB

Example: Cross a man with blood type A (IAIA) to a woman with a blood type AB
(IAIB). What could be their children’s blood type? (NOTE: It is indicated that the
human blood type can follow any of the first two inheritance patterns.)

Answer:
MOTHER
Genotypic ratio: 2 IAIA and 2 IAIB
IA IB
Phenotypic ratio: 2 blood type A and 2 blood
type AB
F
IA IAIA IAIB
A This result means that the resulting
T offspring could have 50% blood type A and 50%
H blood type AB.
E IA IAIA IAIB
This cross follows the co-dominance
R inheritance because both alleles are dominant.

or Answer:

MOTHER Genotypic ratio: 1 IAIA, 1 IAi, 1 IBi and 1 IAIB

IA IB Phenotypic ratio: 2 blood type A, 1 blood type B,

and 1 blood type AB
F
A This result means that the resulting offspring
IA IAIA IAIB
T could have 50% blood type A, 25% blood type B, and
H 25% blood type AB.
E IAi IBi
i This cross follows the incomplete dominance
R inheritance because both one allele is not completely
dominant.

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 Sex- Linked Trait

This type of non-Mendelian inheritance is influenced by sex chromosomes. Sex
chromosomes are referred to as XX (female) and XY (male). Some genes are only
present on one of the sex chromosome, usually the X chromosome. The female has a
recessive allele but dominant phenotypes (XAXa) while the male has a recessive allele
and a recessive phenotype (XaY).
A good example of this inheritance is color blindness. Color blindness affects
male more than female due to the fact that the male’s allele is recessive. Another example
is the baldness pattern. The baldness gene is found only on the X chromosome. Same
with color blindness, males have a higher chance of being bald than female since they
only have one X chromosome.

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NOTE: Only pages 6 and 7 will be returned to the subject teacher. The rest of the pages are
meant to keep and will serve as your lecture.

Name: __________________________________ Date: ___________________

Section: __________

See if you can do this!

QUIZ 4

Directions: Answer the following.

A. Given the situation, identify it as incomplete dominance or co-dominance.

_________1. If a black- feathered chicken breeds with a white- feathered chicken, the resulting
offspring would be spots of both colors.
__________2. If a long- tailed dog mates with a short- tailed dog, the offspring will have a medium-
length tail.
_________3. Straight- haired and curly- haired parents could have a wavy- haired offspring.
_________4. When a black and a white chicken reproduce, the result is a gray- feathered
chicken.
_________5. A deep purple eggplant with white eggplants results in a light violet color eggplant.

B. Determine the possible blood type of the resulting offspring. Take note the genotypic and
phenotypic ratio.

6-10. Cross a man with blood type AB to a woman with a blood type O. (Use the incomplete
dominance type of inheritance.)

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11-15. Cross a man with blood type B to a woman with a blood type AB. (Use the incomplete
dominance type of inheritance.)

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References:

 You and the Natural World (The New Grade 9)

 K + 12 Grade 9 Science Module