Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and

Human Heredity

Section 1: Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Section 2: Complex Patterns of Inheritance
Section 3: Chromosomes and Human Heredity

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Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Recessive Genetic Disorders

 A recessive
trait is
expressed
when the
individual is
homozygous
recessive for
the trait.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Cystic Fibrosis
 Affects the mucus-producing glands,
digestive enzymes, and sweat glands
 Chloride ions are not absorbed into the
cells of a person with cystic fibrosis but
are excreted in the sweat.
 Without sufficient chloride ions in the cells,
a thick mucus is secreted.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Albinism
 Caused by altered genes, resulting in the
absence of the skin pigment melanin in hair
and eyes
 White hair
 Very pale skin
 Pink pupils
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Tay-Sachs Disease
 Caused by the absence of the enzymes
responsible for breaking down fatty acids
called gangliosides
 Gangliosides accumulate in the brain,
inflating brain nerve cells and causing
mental deterioration.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Galactosemia
 Recessive genetic disorder characterized by
the inability of the body to digest galactose.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Dominant Genetic Disorders

 Huntington’s disease affects the nervous
system.
 Achondroplasia is a genetic condition that
causes small body size and limbs that are
comparatively short.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Pedigrees
 A diagram that traces the inheritance of a
particular trait through several generations
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance

Inferring Genotypes
 Knowing physical traits can determine what
genes an individual is most likely to have.
Predicting Disorders
 Record keeping helps scientists use
pedigree analysis to study inheritance
patterns, determine phenotypes, and
ascertain genotypes.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Incomplete Dominance
 The heterozygous phenotype is an
intermediate phenotype between the two
homozygous phenotypes.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Codominance
 Both alleles are expressed in the
heterozygous condition.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Sickle-cell Disease
Normal red blood cell

 Changes in hemoglobin
cause red blood cells to
change to a sickle shape.
 People who are
heterozygous for the trait
have both normal and
sickle-shaped cells. Sickle cell

7766x
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Multiple Alleles
 Blood groups in
humans
 ABO blood groups
have three forms
of alleles.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Coat Color of Rabbits

 Multiple alleles can demonstrate a hierarchy
of dominance.
 In rabbits, four alleles code for coat color:
ch h
C, c , c , and c.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Coat Color of Rabbits

Chinchilla

Albino
Light gray

Dark gray Himalayan

Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Epistasis
 Variety is the result of one allele hiding the
effects of another allele.

eebb
eeB_ E_bb E_B_

No dark pigment present in fur Dark pigment present in fur

Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Sex Determination
 Sex chromosomes
determine an
individual’s gender.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Dosage Compensation
 The X chromosome carries a variety of
genes that are necessary for the
development of both females and males.
 The Y chromosome mainly has genes
that relate to the development of male
characteristics.
 Chromosome inactivation
 Barr bodies
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Sex-Linked Traits
 Genes located on the X chromosome
 Red-green color blindness
 Hemophilia

Sex-Linked Tr
aits
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Polygenic Traits
 Polygenic traits arise from the interaction of
multiple pairs of genes.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Environmental Influences
 Environmental factors
 Diet and exercise
 Sunlight and water
 Temperature
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Complex Patterns of Inheritance

Twin Studies
 Helps scientists separate genetic contributions
from environmental contributions
 Traits that appear frequently in identical twins
are at least partially controlled by heredity.
 Traits expressed differently in identical twins
are strongly influenced by environment.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity

Karyotype Studies
 Karyotype—micrograph in which the pairs of
homologous chromosomes are arranged in
decreasing size.
 Images of chromosomes stained during
metaphase
 Chromosomes are arranged in decreasing
size to produce a micrograph.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity

Telomeres
 Telomere caps consist of DNA associated
with proteins.
 Serves a protective function for the structure
of the chromosome
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.3 Chromosomes and Human Heredity

Nondisjunction
 Cell division during which sister chromatids
fail to separate properly
 Down syndrome
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

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Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Chapter Diagnostic
Questions

Identify the disease characterized by the

absence of melanin.

A. albinism
B. cystic fibrosis 1. A
2. B
C. galactosemia 3. C
4. D
D. Tay-Sachs

0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Chapter Diagnostic
Questions

An individual with Tay-Sachs disease would be

identified by which symptom?

A. excessive mucus
production
1. A
B. an enlarged liver 2. B
3. C
C. a cherry-red spot on 4. D

the back of the eye

D. vision problems 0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Chapter Diagnostic
Questions

Under what circumstances will a recessive trait

be expressed?
A. A recessive allele is
passed on by both parents.
B. One parent passes on the 1. A
recessive allele. 2. B
3. C
C. The individual is 4. D
heterozygous for the trait.
D. There is a mutation in the
0% 0% 0% 0%
dominant gene.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Formative
Questions

Which of Dr. Garrod’s observations about alkaptonuria

was most critical to his determination that it is a genetic
disorder?
A. It appears at birth and
runs in families.
B. It is linked to an 1. A
enzyme deficiency. 2. B
3. C
C. It continues throughout a 4. D
patient’s life, affecting
bones and joints.
D. It is caused by acid excretion 0% 0% 0% 0%
and results in black urine.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Formative
Questions

Which is the genotype of a person who is

a carrier for a recessive genetic disorder?

A. DD
B. Dd 1. A
2. B
C. dd 3.
4.
C
D
D. dE
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.1 Formative
Questions

Albinism is a recessive condition. If an albino

squirrel is born to parents that both have normal fur
color, what can you conclude about the genotype of
the parents?
A. at least one parent is
1. A
a carrier 2. B
B. both parents are carriers 3. C
4. D
C. both parents are
homozygous recessive
D. at least one parent is 0% 0% 0% 0%
homozygous dominant
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Formative
Questions

When a homozygous male animal with black fur

is crossed with a homozygous female with white
fur, they have offspring with gray fur. What type
of inheritance does this represent?
1. A
A. dosage compensation 2. B
B. incomplete dominance 3. C
4. D
C. multiple alleles
D. sex-linked
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Formative
Questions

Of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human

cells, one pair is the _______.

A. autosomes
B. Barr bodies 1. A
2. B
C. monosomes 3. C
4. D
D. sex chromosomes

0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.2 Formative
Questions

Which is an example of a polygenic trait?

A. blood type
B. color blindness
C. hemophilia 1. A
2. B
D. skin color 3. C
4. D

0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.3 Formative
Questions

What does a karyotype show?

A. The blood type of an
individual.
B. The locations of genes
on a chromosome. 1. A
2. B
C. The cell’s chromosomes 3. C
arranged in order. 4. D

D. The phenotype of
individuals in a pedigree. 0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.3 Formative
Questions

What is occurring in
this diagram?

A. multiple alleles
B. nondisjunction 1. A
2. B
C. nonsynapsis 3. C
4. D
D. trisomy

0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

11.3 Formative
Questions

What condition occurs when a person’s cells

have an extra copy of chromosome 21?

A. Down syndrome
B. Klinefelter’s syndrome 1. A
2. B
C. Tay-Sachs syndrome 3. C
4. D
D. Turner’s syndrome

0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Chapter Assessment
Questions

Use the figure to describe what

the top horizontal line between
numbers 1 and 2 indicates.

A. 1 and 2 are siblings

B. 1 and 2 are parents 1. A
2. B
C. 1 and 2 are offspring 3. C
4. D
D. 1 and 2 are carriers

0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Chapter Assessment
Questions

Which is not an allele

in the ABO blood group?

A. IA
B. IO 1. A
2. B
C. IB 3.
4.
C
D
D. i
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Chapter Assessment
Questions

Down Syndrome results from what

change in chromosomes?
A. one less chromosome
on pair 12
B. one extra chromosome 1. A
2. B
3. C
on pair 21 4. D
C. one less chromosome
on pair 21
0% 0% 0% 0%
D. one extra chromosome

on pair 12
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Standardized Test
Practice

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant

allele, what is the genotype of those who do
not have the disorder?

A. heterozygous
1. A
B. homozygous dominant 2. B
C. homozygous recessive 3. C

0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Standardized Test
Practice

Analyze this pedigree showing

the inheritance of a dominant
genetic disorder. Which would
be the genotype of the first
generation father?
1. A
A. RR 2. B
3. C
B. Rr
C. rr
0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Standardized Test
Practice

Shorthorn cattle have an allele for both red and

white hair. When a red-haired cow is crossed with a
white-haired bull, their calf has both red and white hairs
scattered over its body. What type of inheritance does
this represent?
1. A
A. codominance 2. B
3. C
B. dosage compensation 4. D
C. epistasis
D. sex-linked
0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Standardized Test
Practice

Why are males affected by recessive

sex-linked traits more often than are females?
A. Males have only
one X chromosome.
B. Males have two 1. A
X chromosomes. 2. B
3. C
C. Males have only 4. D
one Y chromosome.
D. The traits are located
0% 0% 0% 0%
on the Y chromosomes.
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Standardized Test
Practice

A carrier of hemophilia and her husband, who is

unaffected by the condition, are expecting a son.
What is the probability that their son will have
hemophilia?
1. A
A. 25% 2. B
3. C
B. 50% 4. D
C. 75%
D. 100% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Image Bank
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Vocabulary

Section 1
carrier
pedigree
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Vocabulary

Section 2
incomplete sex-linked trait
dominance polygenic trait
codominance
multiple alleles
epistasis
sex chromosome
autosome
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Vocabulary

Section 3
karyotype
telomere
nondisjunction
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Animation

 Visualizing Nondisjunction
Chapter 11 Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity