Plant Genetics

Group 10
Members:
Jhemaeca R.Palisoc
Joshua Palsimon
Lyka lea A. Puntual
Luorine Rabadon
Oliver M.Raymundo
 PART ONE PART FOUR
MENDELIAN
Contents INHERITANC
E
PART TWO
MONOHYBRID CROSS
PART Five
MENDEL’S DIHYBRID CROSS
GARDEN PEA’S
PART THREE PART Six
GENETIC TERMINOLOGIESMENDEL’S 3 LAWS OF
HEREDITY
PART Seven

NON-MENDELIAN
INHERITANCE
 Plant Genetics Overview
Plant genetics has significant economic implications:
many staple crops have been genetically engineered to boost
yields, impart pest and disease resistance, offer herbicide
resistance, or improve nutritional value.
The basic concepts of genetics, particularly Mendelian
genetics in plants,
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Plant genetics
• Is a study of heredity and variation
of all kinds of plants.
• Plant genetics is about DNA or the
basic unit of heredity, the Gene/s or
the segment of chromosomes that
encode the genetic information .
• DNA is found at chromosome the
thread-like or butterfly like
structures located inside the nucleus
of animal and plant cells Figure 1. ILLUSTRATION OF DNA,GENE AND CHROMOSOME IN A PLANT CELL.
Mendelian
Inheritance
refers to patterns of inheritance that are characteristic of organisms that reproduce sexually.
Between 1856 and 1863, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel conducted hundreds of crosses with
garden peas at his monastery in Czech Republic.
Discovering that the offspring of the plants preserved the features of the parents. As a result of his
studies, he is known as the "Father of Genetics."
Mendel explained his findings by introducing the concept of dominant and recessive genes by
establishing two rules of inheritance.
The dominant genes of a trait/s mask the recessive genes and express as a trait of a specific organism.
For example, the trait of seed shape in pea plants (Pisum sativum) has a dominant allele of round and
a recessive allele of wrinkled, so the allele that will express is round shape
Why pea plants?
Gregor Mendel
is a well-known figure in the field of genetics, and pea plants were crucial
in helping him grasp how characteristics are passed down from parent to child.
 Pea plants were chosen because they were simple to cultivate, could be bred
quickly, and had numerous distinguishing features, such as petal and pea
color.
 Garden peas were utilized as a model organism/system by Mendel. A model
system is an organism that allows a researcher to investigate a specific
scientific problem, such as how traits are passed down through generations.
Researchers can discover general principles that apply to other, more
difficult-to-study species or biological systems, such as humans, by
researching a model system.
 Mendel investigated how height, blossom
color, seed color, and seed shape are handed
down across generations. To do so, he developed
pea lines with two sorts of traits, like as tall vs.
short height. He crossed these lines and watched
how the characteristics were passed on. He
mated these lines to each other for generations
until they were pure-breeding (always produced
offspring identical to the parent), then raised
them for generations until they were pure-
breeding (always produced offspring identical to Figure 1
ILLUSTRATION OF DNA,GENE AND
the parent). CHROMOSOME IN LA PANT CELL.
 Mendel’s experiment using F1 and F2 generation.
• Mendel noted the precise number of plants that displayed each
characteristic in each generation, in addition to documenting how they
appeared. Surprisingly, he discovered that all seven characteristics
investigated had extremely similar inheritance patterns: In the first
generation following the cross, one version of a characteristic, like tall,
always disguised the other form, like short. The apparent form is referred to
as the dominant trait, while the concealed form is referred to as the
recessive trait, according to Mendel.
• After plants were permitted to self-fertilize (pollinate themselves) in the
.
second generation, the hidden version of the characteristic emerged in a
minority of the plants.
.
• There were roughly 333 plants with the dominant trait (e.g., tall) for every
111 plants with the recessive trait (e.g., short), resulting in a 3:13:13, colon,
1 ratio. Mendel also discovered that the traits were inherited separately:
one trait, such as plant height, had no effect on the inheritance of other
traits, such as flower color or seed shape. The depiction of Mendel's
GENETIC TERMINOLOGIES
 Terminology Definition
A gene's several shapes or variations Alleles for a characteristic are
Allele found at the same locus or at the same place on homologous
chromosomes, and hence control the same trait. Their actions,
however, may result in various manifestations of that feature due to
their differences.
The nucleus of a cell contains thread-like gene-carrying structures.
chromosomes DNA and protein make up the majority of chromosomes. Only
under magnification are they visible during specific phases of cell
division. 
The phenotype of heterozygous individuals in which two distinct
codominance alleles for a characteristic are expressed unblended. Because neither
allele is dominant or recessive, both exist in or affect the phenotype.
A good example is type AB blood. These characteristics are said to
as codominant.
In children, an inherited genetic condition causes persistent fluid
cystic fibrosis buildup in the lungs, making breathing difficult. This illness also
inhibits proper fat and vitaminAfter your content
absorption is typed
from meals.
dominant allele an allele in the phenotypic here,that hides the presence
or by copying ofyoura recessive
allele. 
a big organic molecule that text,holds
select
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cleic acid )
represented by segments of DNA in chromosomes .
 f1 generation the first generation of offspring (or filial). 

Gene transfer occurs when genes are transferred from

gene flow one group to another, generally as a result of
migration.  
all of the genes found in a breeding population's
gene pool members It is, more specifically, a population's
collective genotype.
Units of heredity are generally found at specific places
genes on a chromosome, called loci.

Random chance causes evolution, or changes in gene

genetic drift pool frequencies. Small populations experience the
most rapid genetic drift.

The study of gene structure and function, as well as

genetics  patterns of characteristic inheritance from parent to
child. 
genome an individual's complete genetic make-up (or of a species).

genome a hereditary pattern in which the influence of a gene changes depending

on the gender of the parent from whom it is inherited. 
imprinting
genotype an individual's genetic make-up the alleles at a specific locus or an
organism's whole genetic makeup are referred to as genotype.

heterozygous For a certain characteristic, a genotype consists of two distinct

alleles of a gene (Aa).
homologous chromoso In meiosis, chromosomes are paired during the formation of sex
mes   cells. 
homozygous On both members of a pair of homologous chromosomes, the
identical allele is present at the same locus.
Human Genome a global scientific project aimed at identifying and mapping the
Project locations of all human genes.
hybrids child produced by marrying two genetically diverse types of
parents—the polar opposite of purebred.
intermediate When a heterozygous genotype produces a phenotype that is
expression halfway between that of homozygous genotypes and that of
homozygous genotypes. 
 The development of sperm or ova is the
meiosis consequence of cell division in specialized tissues of
the ovaries and testes.
Mendelian Simple principles of dominance and recessiveness of
genetics genes can explain inheritance patterns.
modifying gene a gene that can change the expression of another
gene in an individual's phenotypic.
monozygotic twins Twins who are identical. Genetically, twins that share
the same zygote are nearly identical. 
When a gene contains more than two alleles, it is
multiple-allele
said to be polymorphic. One example is the ABO
series 
blood type system. 

a change in genetic material that results in the

mutation  emergence of a new variant.  
a gamete or sex cell from a female.
 
Ovum
 The discernible manifestation of a genotype is the
phenotype observable or detectable features of an individual
organism.  
Pleiotropy When a single gene is responsible for a number of
different characteristics. 
polygenic trait  a hereditary characteristic that is determined by two or
more loci of genes.  
Principle of It claims that various pairings of genes are handed down
independent
assortment
to kids separately, allowing for novel gene combinations
not seen in either parent.
principle of  It claims that for every given attribute, each parent's pair
segregation of genes separates (during the development of sex cells)
and only one gene from each parent is passed down to
offspring.
probability The ratio of the number of actual occurrences to the
number of possible occurrences is commonly used to
express probability.
proteins One of a vast variety of complex chemical compounds
made up of one or more amino acid chains.  
proteome the total number of proteins generated by a single person
(or a species). 
Punnett square a simple graphical technique for displaying all possible
combinations of child genotypes and their likelihood
recessive allele an allele that is masked in the phenotype by the
presence of a dominant allele.

sex cell a gamete, either a sperm or an ovum.  Sex cells are

produced by the meiosis process.  

sex-controlled gene A gene that can be inherited by both genders but is

usually expressed differently in males and females.

somatic cell  any cell in the body except those directly involved with
reproduction.
a male sex cell or gamete.
sperm
referring to a gene that is carried by an X sex
x-linked chromosome.
a "fertilized" ovum.  More precisely, this is a cell that is
Zygote formed when a sperm and an ovum combine
their chromosomes at conception. 
MON0HYBRID CROSS
DIHYBRID CROSS
 PPTtemplate http://www.1ppt.com/moban/

Monohybrid cross A genetic cross is a method of identifying the genetic traits of future children based on the
genetic features of the prospective parents, i.e., it identifies the offspring's allele combinations for only one gene
(as opposed to dihybrid crosses).
Here are some steps how to perform monohybrid cross :
 Step 1:  Determine which characters will represent the alleles.The dominant allele is represented by a capital
letter, Click
whereas the recessive allele is represented by a lower-case letter.
here to add text information, the
 Step 2: Make a list of the parents' genetics and phenotype . The P generation is the current one (parental
specific length can be filled in according to
generation)
actual needs, or directly copy the text here, Add the title name here
 Step 3:  Make a note of the parental gametes' genotype . As a result of meiotic division, they will be haploid.
the specific text size color can be adjusted.
 Step 4:  Work out probable gamete combinations using a Punnet grid . Because Click here to add text information, the
fertilization is a random
specific length can be filled in according to
process, all combinations have an equal chance of succeeding.
 Step 5:  Make a list of possible offspring's genotype and phenotypic ratios. actual needs, or directly copy the text here,
This is the F1 generation (first filial
the specific text size color can be adjusted.
generation)Interbreeding produced subsequent generations designated F2, F3, and so forth.
 Note:  The computed genotypic and phenotypic ratios are merely estimates. Figure 4 shows an example of
a monohybrid cross between pea plants with green and yellow pods.
 

 
FIGURE 4. MONOHYBRID CROSS BETWEEN PEA PLANTS WITH GREEN AND YELLOW PODS.
 
 A dihybrid cross determines the allele combinations of the offspring for
two specific genes that are not linked (not on the same chromosome).
 A dihybrid cross is a genetic experiment in which the phenotypes of two
genes are tracked by pairing individuals who have multiple alleles at that
locus. Most organisms that reproduce sexually carry two copies of each
gene, allowing them to carry two different alleles.
 Organism with elements from unique true-breeding strains become
known as a “hybrid”. Thus, the name “dihybrid cross” comes from the
ancient act of looking at the destiny generations after “natural strains”
are crossed.
 A dihybrid cross, therefore, is the mating of individuals, each
heterozygous for 2 unique genes being observed.
 

 
.
 In performing Dihybrid
cross by making gamete
combination, we need to
remember FOIL.
• First  (AaBb = AB)  
 • Outside (AaBb = Ab)  
• Inside (AaBb = aB)   Enter or paste text content here,
the language should be simple,
 • Last (AaBb = ab)
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 MENDEL’S 3 LAWS OF HEREDITY

 The law of domination- Mendel's law of dominance establishes that in a heterozygote a trait
hides the presence of another trait of the same trait. Instead of both alleles contributing to one
phenotype, only the dominant allele is expressed, but recessive traits are only visible if the
individual inherits two copies of the recessive allele.
 The law of segregation - states that alleles are randomly divided into gametes: when gametes
are formed, each allele from a parent is randomly separated into gametes, so that half of the
parent's gametes carry each allele.
 The law of independent classification - states that alleles of two (or more) different genes
classify independently of each other in gametes. In other words, the allele a gamete receives
for one gene does not affect the allele it receives for another gene.
NON-MENDELIAN.
INHERITANCE
Non-Mendelian inheritance is a
pattern of inheritance in which traits
are not separated according to
Mendel's laws. These laws describe
the inheritance of traits associated
with individual genes on
chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
1. Incomplete domain. Two alleles can produce an intermediate phenotype if. A cross between a both
are present rather than one that determines the phenotype entirely. An example of this is the
snapdragon plant homozygous plant with white and red flowers will produce offspring with pink
flowers.

Snapdragons are known

for their incomplete
dominance of flower color.
Similar to carnations,
snapdragons have alleles for
red color and alleles for
white color. When a
homozygous red and a
homozygous white flower
are crossed, they produce
heterozygous, pink
offspring.
 2. Codominance. The two alleles are expressed at the identical
time if both are available, instead of one fully determining the
phenotype. An example of this is often the rhododendron, a cross
of pure red and white flowers.

3.Multiple alleles. Mendel studied just two alleles of his pea

genes, but real populations often have multiple alleles of a given
gene.
4 Pleiotropy -some genes affect many different characteristics, not just a single characteristic. An example
of this is Marfan syndrome, which results in several symptoms (unusually tall height, thin fingers and toes,
lens dislocation, and heart problems). These symptoms don’t seem directly related, but as it turns out, they
can all be traced back to the mutation of a single gene.

5. Lethal alleles.  Some genes have alleles that prevent survival when homozygous or heterozygous
example of an allele that affects survival is the lethal yellow allele, a spontaneous mutation in mice that
makes their coats yellow. Mice that are homozygous genotype die early in development. Although this
particular allele is dominant, lethal alleles can be dominant or recessive, and can be expressed in
homozygous or heterozygous conditions.

.
6. Polygenic inheritance. Some characteristics are polygenic, meaning that they’re controlled by a
number of different genes. In polygenic inheritance, traits often form a phenotypic spectrum rather than
falling into clear-cut categories. An example of this is skin pigmentation in humans, which is controlled by
several different genes

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