Gen Bio 2

1. Nutrition (Chap 6)
2. Respiration (Chap 10)
3. Excretion (Chap 11)
4. Circulation (Chap 8 & 9)
5. Reproduction (Chap 17 & 18)
Module 1 – GENETICS
LESSON 1 – BASIC KNOWLEDGE IN STUDYING GENETICS
How did genetics began?
 Gregor Johan Mendel
- Austrian Monk
- Worked on garden pea plant (pisum sativum)
- “Father of genetics”
What is genetics?
 Study of heredity and variation
 Study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of genes.
What is heredity? Variation?
 VARIATION refers to the differences between individuals or between populations
 HEREDITY is the transmission of traits/characteristics from parents to offspring
through the genes.
What is a trait? What are examples of traits that are heritable in your family?
 A heritable variation in an individual's phenotype, which is determined by one
(or more) genes.
 Height, Color of hair, Earlobes, Skin and eye color and Widow’s peak
What are the elements of heredity? Genes
- DNA molecule is compress in a chromosome that is compose of several genes
- Proteins created by cells dictated by genes
Nucleus is where to find chromosomes
Genome contains all sets of chromosomes like a book
Chromosomes carry the chapter of the book
DNA molecule compose segments and paragraphs of a book
Levels of Biological organization in Genetics
- Genes are expressed at the molecular level
- Proteins function at the cellular level
- Traits are observed at the organism level
- The occurrence of a trait within a species is an observation at the population
level
What is a locus? Alleles?
Genes can be found in Locus
Alleles are found in pairs

Two or more locus – loci

- Gene can have 2 or more versions
- a locus is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome
A, B and O blood type has one gene and can have six alleles
Homozygous and Heterozygous Alleles
 Heterozygous
- Color of the eye maybe brown (B) or blue (b)
Dominant and Recessive Alleles
 Which are dominant pair of genes/alleles? B and b
 Which are recessive alleles?

Genotype and Phenotype

Genetic Diagram
 Why are they used by geneticists?
 Examples: Test cross, Punnet square

LESSON 2 - MENDELIAN GENETICS

Mendelian Inheritance
 This is a scientific description of how hereditary characteristics are passed from
parents to offspring.
 Mendel's findings in his work were summarized into two laws:

1. Law of Segregation
2. Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel’s Law of Segregation

Monohybrid Cross
 Involves a cross of 1 trait
 Produce hybrids in F1
 F1 self pollinate, produce F2 with:
 PR of 3 Tall: 1dwarf
 GR of 1TT: 2Tt: 1tt