Chapter 2.

Non-
Mendelian
Genetics
From Genes to Chromosomes

Marivon Dave
SCIENCE Subject Teacher
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LIVING THINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT

Unit Description
In this unit, the learners learns/studies four lessons these are - Lesson 1: “Respiratory and
Circulatory Systems Working with The Other Organ Systems”, examine the close interaction
between the structures of the respiratory and the circulatory system, which help transport oxygen,
nutrients, antibodies, and hormones to the different parts of the body. Lesson 2: “Heredity:
Inheritance and Variation”, probes one of the most important functions of organisms – the transfer of
genetic information from parents to offspring. Lesson 3: “Biodiversity and Evolution”, describes the
importance and conservations of biodiversity, which helps prevent the extinction of organisms. And
lastly, Lesson 4: “Ecosystem”, examines how an organism obtains, utilizes, and transforms energy
from various sources to fuel its activities. 
About the Module
Welcome to the world of SCIENCE!
This Module has 2 Lessons. Each Lesson has the following parts.
Learning Standards
Pre-Test
Explore
Firm up
Deepen
Transfer
Assessment
To get the most from this Module, you need to do the following:
1. Begin by reading and understanding the Learning Outcome/s and Content and Performance
Standards. These tell you what you should know and be able to do at the end of this Module.
2. Find out what you already know by taking the Pretest then check your answer against the Answer
Key to be provided by your teacher.
3. Do the required Learning Activities. They begin with one or more Information Sheets. An
Information Sheet contains important notes or basic information that you need to know. After reading
the Information Sheet, test yourself on how much you learned by means of the Self-check. Refer to
the Answer Key to be provided by your teacher. Do not hesitate to go back to the Information Sheet
when you do not get all test items correctly. This will ensure your mastery of basic information.
4. Demonstrate what you learned by doing what the Activity directs you to do.
5. You must be able to apply what you have learned in another activity or in real life situation.
6. Accomplish the Assessment provided for you to know how well you performed.

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Lesson 1 │ From Genes to Chromosomes

Content Standards Performance Standard

The learners demonstrate an understanding
of:
 how genetic information is organized in
genes on chromosomes
The learners should be able to:
 Solve genetic problems related to
incomplete dominance, codominance,
multiple alleles and sex-linked traits.

 the different patterns of inheritance

Learning Outcomes
LO 1 – 1.1 Explain the different patterns of non- Mendelian inheritance
1.2 Distinguish the difference between incomplete dominance and Mendelian law of
dominances
1.3 Identify the different sex-linked traits and describe each

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Explain the different patterns of non- Mendelian inheritance.

STUDENT’S PRAYER
( Sign of the Cross )
Dear Heavenly Father,
Thank you for forming us uniquely, making us one-of-a-kind and choosing us
for a purpose. Thank you that you appointed us as modern day disciples to
bear fruit for your kingdom.
In Jesus Name, we pray.
Amen.

P RE-TEST

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Who is considered as the Father of Genetics?
a. Gregor Mendel

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b. Reginald Punnett
c. Theodor Boveri
d. Walter Sutton
2. What tables are used to predict the outcome of crosses of traits from parents?
a. Genetics Grid
b. Punnett Squares
c. Offspring Squares
d. Mendelian diagram
3. Which of the following is the location of genes in the chromosomes?
a. Centromere
b. Locus
c. Nucleus
d. Telomere
4. Which branch of Biology is concerned with the study of how traits are inherited from parents to
offsprings?
a. Eugenics
b. Physiology
c. Genetics
d. Polygenic
5. What is the genotype of a person’s trait if an organism has two identical alleles for the trait?
a. heterozygous
b. homogeneous
c. homologous
d. homozygous
6. Which refers to the variant forms of a gene representing a certain trait?
a. allele
b. chromatids
c. locus
d. polyploid
7. Which of these represents a heterozygous dominant genotype?
a. GG

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b. Gg
c. gg
d. G
8. Which of the following BEST explains a non- Mendelian law of inheritance?
a. Shows both recessive traits of the parents
b. Shows both dominant traits of the parents
c. Shows recessive traits and hides dominant traits
d. Shows dominant traits and hides recessive traits
9. Which of the following does NOT belong to a non- Mendelian law of inheritance?
a. Codominance
b. Multiple alleles
c. Incomplete dominance
d. Law of independent assortment
10. Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE about genes?
a. Genes contain a pair of alleles
b. Genes are found only in body cells
c. Genes are segment on DNA strand
d. Genes are located in chromosomes

E XPLORE

To start the lesson, unlock the words in the form of a puzzle to engage in discovering meaningful
words needed for understanding the concept.

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Activity 1. Wordstorm.
Fill in the crossword puzzle.
Be guided by the numbered
rules.

Activity 2. Launch Pad.

Physical characteristics can be manifested from parents to offspring through heredity. This activity
be a fun introduction on observing the different traits that children share with their parents.
Materials: five pairs of pictures of parents and their children

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Procedure:
1. Group the students with five members each. Create a group chat for each group.
2. Take note of the pictures of parents and children that were sent to each Group Chat.
3. All the members of each group will observe and list down the observable traits of each pair. the
pictures and match them with their appropriate pair

Process Questions:
1. Did you have a hard time pairing the parents with their children? Why?
2. Were the observable traits of a parent helpful in finding his or her child? Why?

F IRM UP

New technologies in the field of cosmetic surgery has allowed people to alter their physical
appearances. But this alteration is only “skin deep”, as it does not change the individual’s genetic
make up.

Activity 3. Video Viewing.

Click this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XEvbH4ubeY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PyP_5EgQBmE in order to have a better idea about Non- Mendelian

Inheritance.

Process Questions:
1. What is Incomplete dominance?
Codominance? Multiple alleles?
2. What is a Punnett square?

Activity 4. Video Analysis.

The passing of genes from parents to offspring is called
heredity. Genes are the building blocks of heredity. They
are found in threadlike structures called chromosomes. A
Chromosome is a strand of Deoxyribonucleic Acid ( DNA ) that is encoded with genes.

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Click this link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2J5v861CTI https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Rn71rgGOuZ8 to learn more about Monohybrid cross
Process Questions:
1. How can you find the genotype ratio?
2. How can you get the phenotypic ratio?

A firm up activity will be sent to your GENYO accounts. The activity instructions will be given by
your teacher.

Read Information Sheet 3 very well, then find out how much you can remember and how much
have you learned by doing the following activities.

Information Sheet 3.
Non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance
Incomplete dominance is a pattern of inheritance characterized by the
formation of a trait that is in between the phenotypes of the parents. There is
an absence of the expression of the complete dominant allele. It is very common in
the expression of flower color in most plants.
Are you familiar with a pure red-flowered four o’clock plant and a pure white-flowered four o’clock
plant? A cross between the pure red and white-flowered four o’clock plant will produce all pink
flowers. With incomplete dominance, the dominant and recessive traits blend resulting the third
phenotype something in the middle. Follow the steps below on how to solve genetic problems using
Punnett square.
Sample problem:
Show a cross between two pink four o’clock flower using a Punnett square. Determine the genotypic
and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
Solution:
Step 1: Identify the genotype of the parents.
Heterozygous pink (RW) x Heterozygous pink (RW)
Step 2: Construct the Punnett square and show the possible outcome of the cross.

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Step 3: Interpret the results.

2 RW = Heterozygous pink four o’clock flower
1 WW = Homozygous white four o’clock flower
1 RR = Homozygous red four o’clock flower
Step 4: Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.
Genotypic Ratio=2:1:1 or 50% RW, 25% WW, 25% RR
Phenotypic Ratio=2:1:1 or 50% Pink, 25% White, 2% Red

Codominance
Another non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance is codominance. This happens when the alleles of

same gene are present and both are equally expressed in the phenotype of the offspring.
Have you seen a roan goat? A red goat (RR=all red hairs) is mated with a white goat (WW=all white
hairs) will result to a roan (RW=red and with white hairs).

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Follow the steps below on how to solve genetic problems using Punnett square.
Sample problem:
Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the kids (baby goats) if a white goat is mated with a
roan goat.
Solution:

Step 1: Identify the genotype of the parents.

White goat (WW) x Roan goat (RW)
Step 2: Construct the Punnett square and show the possible outcome of the cross.

Step 3: Interpret the results.

2 WW = White coat-colored goat
2 RW = Roan coat-colored goat

Step 4: Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Genotypic Ratio =2:2 or 50% WW, 50% RW
Phenotypic Ratio=2:2 or 50% White, 50% Roan

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Multiple Alleles
Alleles are alternative form of a gene that controls a certain trait. Normally, a gene is controlled by
only two alleles but there are genes that have two or more alleles. For example, in human, the ABO
blood type. In this case three alleles are controlling the blood group, wherein blood type A is
codominant with blood type B and blood type O is recessive. The four possible blood types are
shown in Table 3 below.

Based on the table alleles A and B are dominant over O. Blood type O can be expressed as
homozygous, OO. Blood type A and B can be homozygous or heterozygous. In blood type AB both
alleles are codominant with each other.

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Sample Problem:
Identify the possible blood types of the offspring if a woman whose blood type is O and married to a
man whose blood type is AB.

Solution:
Step 1: Identify the genotype of the parents.
Blood type AB(AB) x Blood type O(OO)
Step 2: Construct the Punnett square and show the possible outcome of the cross.

Step 3: Interpret the results.

2 AO = Blood type A
2 BO = Blood type B

Step 4: Write the genotypic and phenotypic ratio of the offspring.

Genotypic Ratio =2:2 or 50% Heterozygous dominant (AO),
50% Heterozygous dominant (BO)
Phenotypic Ratio=2:2 or 50% Blood type A, 50% Blood type B

Sex Related Inheritance

Another exception to Mendelian rules is the sex-related inheritance. It can be categorized into three:
sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination

There are 23 pairs of human chromosomes, 22 pairs are called body chromosomes and the 23 rd pair
refer to as the sex chromosomes. Males have two sex chromosomes; the X and Y. Females have
both X chromosomes. Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell.

Sex-linked Traits
Genes that are present in sex chromosomes are sex-linked traits because the expression depends
on the sex of the person. X-linked genes are genes located on X chromosomes whereas Y-linked
genes are those in Y chromosomes.
An example is hemophilia (bleeder’s disease), a common sex-linked recessive disorder carried by
the genes in the X chromosomes. Study the Table 4 below. Xh is hemophiliac and XH is normal.

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Sex-limited traits are only present in one

gender. These traits are determined by the genes
in the autosomes, which are found in both male
and female. The difference is in the expression of
the genes in the phenotype of the organism.

In females, for example, lactation is expressed in

females but not in males. The gene for lactation
is present in both males and females, but is only
expressed in females. Males never produce milk
even if they possess genes for lactation.

Sex-influenced traits are visible in both gender but

more often in one gender than the other. The trait is
also carried by the autosomes and not the sex
chromosomes.

Pattern Baldness in human is a common example of

sex-influenced trait. This trait is not restricted to
males but the expression is controlled by the
hormone testosterone. This hormone is present in
both male and female, but males have higher testosterone level than females. This results that
recessive allele for baldness behaves like dominant allele in males and recessive allele in female.

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D EEPEN

Non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance shows traits that do not follow the simple patterns of dominant-
recessive genes principle.

Activity 5. What’s My Phenotype and Genotype?

Objective:
 Solve genetic problems related to incomplete dominance

Procedure:
1. Refer to table below.

2. Write the genotype and phenotype of the offspring when pink flower is crossed to a white flower.

3. Write the genotypic and the phenotypic

ratio of the offspring.

Ratio:
Genotypic Ratio=
Phenotypic Ratio=

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Activity 6. Codominance
Objective:
 Solve genetic problems related to codominance.

Procedure:
1. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the parent goats if the kids (baby goats) are two roan
and two red fur
goats. Write the
genotype of
each kid.

Ratio:
Genotypic Ratio=
Phenotypic Ratio=

2. What should be the

genotypes and the
phenotypes of the parent
cattle if the breeder wants to
only have white fur cattle?
Show your cross on a Punnett
square.

Activity 7. Self Check

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Frayer Model Graphic Organizer

Directions: Complete the Frayer Model graphic organizer. Fill in the required information in each
window/box.

a quote to ponder…… Genetics is about how information is stored

and transmitted between generations.

T RANSFER

Congratulations! You’ve come this far. I know you’ve learned a lot in non-Mendelian Pattern of
Inheritance. Now for your additional activities, just answer what is asked for each shape.

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A SSESSMENT

Multiple Choice.
Choose the
letter of the best
answer.

1. Which of the
following
examples of
traits do not
follow the dominant-recessive relationship of Mendelian inheritance?
a. Roan cow
b. Blood Type A (AO)
c. Heterozygous pea plant
d. 100% Yellow pea plant seed (F1)

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2. In incomplete dominance, all offspring produced have heterozygous characteristics. When will this
happen?
a. Both parents are homozygous.
b. Both parents are homologous.
c. Both parents are heterozygous.
d. Both parents are homogeneous.

3. What is the genotype of a heterozygous roan coat (fur)-colored cattle?

a. RR
b. RW
c. WW
d. XX

4. Which of the following should be the genotypes and phenotypes of the parent cattle if you only
want roan fur cattle?
a. White (WW) x (WW) cattle
b. Red (RR) x Red (RR) cattle
c. Red (RR) x White (WW) cattle
d. Roan (RW) x Roan (RW) cattle

5. Which of the following blood types will ONLY be expressed when an individual has homozygous
alleles?
a. A
b. AB
c. B
d. O

6. What is the reason why sex-linked traits affect mostly male offspring?
a. They are always active.
b. They only have one X chromosome.
c. Their sex chromosomes are more vulnerable.
d. The recessive sex-linked traits target is the XY chromosome.

7. Which of the following is an example of sex-linked trait?

a. Baldness
b. Beard
c. Colorblindness
d. Lactation

8. How is sex in humans determined?

a. Chromosomes
b. Egg cell
c. X-bearing sperm
d. Y-bearing sperm

9. Which of the trait is found on both male and female with different manner of expression?
a. Pregnancy

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b. Facial hairs
c. Cock feathering
d. Milk production in mammals

10. What percent of children would be male when you cross a female sex chromosome and the
male sex chromosome?
a. 100%
b. 75%
c. 50%
d. 25%

An assessment will be sent to your GENYO accounts and will be checked by your teacher.
You have to accomplish the assessment with a set date and time.

CHAPTER 2. NON-MENDELIAN GENETICS