G _ N _ _ Y P _G E N O T Y P E

•Refers to the genes that an

organism contains for a
particular trait.
P___OT_P_PHENOTYPE
•Refers to the observable
traits of an individual.
 HOMOZYGOUS
HO_ _ ZY_ _ _ _
•A term used to describe a trait in which
an organism contains two genes that are
the same. It means that an organism is
pure for the trait.
 HETEROZYGOUS
H_ _ _ _ _ ZY_ _ _ _
•A term used to describe a trait in which
an organism contains two different
genes(alleles) – one dominant, and one
recessive allele.
A _ _ E _ _ S ALLELES
•Two or more alternate forms of
a gene. It can be one dominant
and one recessive gene.
 PUNNET SQUARE
P _ _ _ _ T S _ _ _ _ E
• A special chart that helps geneticists
organize the results of a cross between the
sex cells of two individuals. It can be used
to predict the genotypes and the phenotypes
of the offspring.
M E N D E L I A N I N H E R I T A N C E ( L AW
OF DOMINANCE)
 SEED SHAPE
Round – R allele
Wrinkled – r allele
• A plea plant with heterozygous round seed (Rr) is crossed with
another heterozygous plant with round seed. Determine the genotype,
and phenotype of the offspring.

R - dominant allele (round);

r – recessive allele (wrinkled)
Rr=heterozygous round seed
• A plea plant with heterozygous round seed (Rr) is crossed with
another heterozygous plant with round seed. Determine the genotype,
and phenotype of the offspring.

GENOTYPE: 25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr

PHENOTYPE: ¾ of the phenotypes of
F1 are round and 1/4 are wrinkled.
 L AW O F D O M I N A N C E
• One allele can mask the expression of another allele
when they are joint together. Therefore, if a person has
a heterozygous genotype (i.e. one dominant allele and
one recessive allele), he/she will show the dominant
phenotype.
• Determine the offspring of a cross between a
heterozygous round (Rr) parent pea plant and a
homozygous wrinkled (rr) parent pea plant.

GENOTYPE: 50% Rr, 50% rr

PHENOTYPE: 1/2 of the phenotypes of
F1 are round and another ½ are wrinkled.
L E A R N I N G TA S K 1
L AW O F D O M I N A N C E
( M E N D E L I A N I N H E R I TA N C E )

•The effects of the recessive gene

are not observed when the
dominant gene is present.
 However, certain traits do not always
follow the Mendelian Inheritance.
 Homozygous (pure)
1st 2nd
Dominant
allele
Recessive
alleles
1st
Heterozygous Heterozygous (hybrid)
(hybrid) Alleles
or Gene
2nd
Recessive Variants
Homozygous
allele (pure)
 100% Alleles of
Heterozy Homozygous
gous (pure) Round Seed
Round
R R
Parent

Rr Rr
Seed
Alleles of
Homozygous r
r Rr Rr
(pure) Wrinkled
Seed Parent

Possible
Offspring
NON-MENDELIAN
I N H E R I TA N C E
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
• A heterozygote (an individual having two
different alleles of a particular gene or genes)
shows a phenotype that is INTERMEDIATE
between two homozygous phenotypes. Neither
allele is dominant over the other.
GROUP 1

Problem: In four o’clock plants, R is the allele

for red color and W is allele for white color.
Two pink four o’clock flower plants were
crossed. Show the possible outcome of the
cross using the Punnett Square.
 25% Red, Alleles of Pink
50% Pink, Flower Parent
25% White
Flower
R W
Alleles of Pink R R RW
W R
Flower Parent

Possible
Offspring
GROUP 2

Problem: Another cross was made involving a

red four o’clock flower plant and a pink four
o’clock flower plant. Show the possible
outcome using the Punnett Square.
50% Red, Alleles of Red
25% Pink Flower Parent
Flower R R
Alleles of Pink R R R
W R R
Flower Parent

Possible
Offspring
1. What are the possible phenotypes of the
offspring from the cross of the parental
plants?
2. What are the possible genotypes of the
offspring from the cross of the parental
plants?
A cross between a bird with blue feathers
and a bird with white feathers produces
offspring with silver feathers. The color of
the birds is determined by only two alleles.
WHAT ARE THE GENOTYPES OF
THE PARENT BIRDS?
•BB (homozygous blue) for the bird
with blue feathers
•WW (homozygous white) for the bird
with white feathers
WHAT IS THE GENOTYPE OF THE
BIRD WITH SILVER FEATHERS?

•one blue allele and one

white allele (BW).
CAN YOU FIGURE OUT THE PHENOTYPIC
RATIOS OF THE OFFSPRING OF TWO
BIRDS WITH SILVER FEATHERS?

•25% of offspring are homozygous or

pure white (WW), 25% are pure or
homozygous blue (BB), and 50% are
hybrid or silver feathers (BW).
CODOMINANCE
•The resulting offspring exhibits
the traits of both parents.
•List the genotypes of the bull and
cow
•Complete a Punnett Square
•Give phenotypic percentages of the
offspring
GROUP 1

•A red bull (RR) is mated

with a white cow (WW)
GROUP 2

•A roan (RW) is mated

with a red (RR) cow.
100% ROAN
Recessive Dominant Dominant Codominant
• UNIVERSAL DONOR – Type O
• UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Type AB
M U LT I P L E A L L E L E S
• More than two types of alleles control a trait.
This will lead to more than two phenotypes
expressed.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
S E X - R E L AT E D I N H E R I TA N C E
• Sex-linked Trait
HEMOPHILIA
• Sex-Limited Trait
• Sex-influenced Trait
Sex Chromosomes
XX
XY
OTHER EXAMPLE OF SEX-LINKED
TRAIT
• Color blindness
• Hairy Ears (Y chromosome)
SEX-LIMITED TRAITS

•They are not found on sex

chromosomes. They are expressed
in only one gender.
• The genes that control milk yield and quality in dairy
cattle, for example, are present in both bulls and cows,
but their effects are expressed only in the female
cattle.
• Beard growth in humans is limited to men.
SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS

•They are also not found on sex

chromosomes. These traits are
expressed by the two genders
differently.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A wealthy elderly couple die together in an accident. Soon
a man shows up to claim their fortune, saying that he is
their only son who ran away from home as a boy. Other
relatives dispute his claim. Hospital records show that the
deceased couple were type AB and O respectively. The
claimant to the fortune was type O. Could he be their son?
Explain