Life Sciences 11/ Biology 11- Introduction to taxonomy

Student Michael Fan #8 Date 2022-07-26

 Taxonomy → grouping and naming of organism

 to understand the variety of life

 to avoid confusion of regional names

 Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus (1707-1778)

– developed a binomial nomenclature (2-part name), now called the

scientific name

– developed a 7-level (level = taxon) classification

(domain) kingdom phylum class order family genus species

- A species is a group of organisms that share a genetic heritage, are able

to inter-breed, and to create offspring that are also fertile.
- a kingdom would have one or more phyla in it, a phylum would have one or
more classes in it and so on. For example, in kingdom there are more than a
million species

- The organisms within same level (taxon) more than they resemble organisms in
other levels.
EXAMPLE:
 Some Mnemonics- make it easier to remember correct order
– Dreaded King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghett

– Did King Philip Come Over From Glorious Spain?

– Dumb Kids Playing Chicken On Freeways Go Splat

Try to make 3 or 4 of your own…….

Dear King Philip came over for good soup.

Examples of binomial classification

o Humans (Homo Sapiens)
More detailed classification (sub class, sub family, etc.) of humans:
Subfamily: Homininae
• Beginning with domain, each successive level of classification becomes more
specific.

• Organisms within the same group have more in common with one another than
those within the next largest group.
  Binomial name has two parts: genus followed by species
 The first letter of genus is written in capital and species with small
letter: Homo sapiens
 The name is italicized
 So, the binomial name of humans is: Homo sapiens
 Homo is the genus and sapiens the species

o E.g. Brown Bear: Ursus arctos

Genus: Ursus, species: arctos

Binomial name : Ursus arctos
  Domains and Kingdoms

 The Three Domains are: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota:

 The Six Kingdoms:

Kingdom Archaea,
Kingdom Bacteria,
Kingdom Protista,
Kingdom Fungi,
Kingdom Plantae, and
Kingdom Animalia

Archaea Bacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

 What is a Cladogram?
• Cladogram → diagram that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms
• Helps scientists understand how one lineage broke away from another in the
course of evolution
  What is a Dichotomous Key?
• Dichotomous key → classification used to identify unknown organisms
• Based on visible simliarties
For Example:
Practices on next page >>>
 PRACTICES:

Please type in your answers in the spaces provided below each question.
5.1 Classification of Organisms

1. Define taxonomy. (1 mark)

→ grouping and naming of organism

2. Consider the following diagram:

Using the lines provided

fill out the 7 levels of classification in order from the largest group to the most specific.
Then match the organization of a brown bear/grisly bear with the correct level of
organization. The first one is done for you. (4 marks)

Use these lines : You can move these lines around and resize.

kingdom
Phylum Ursus
Class Animalia
Order Mammalia
Family Ursidae
Genus Chordata
Species carnivora
 arctos

3. Using the correct format for binomial nomenclature, write out the scientific name for a brown bear
(see the classification above). (1 mark)

Ursus arctos

4. The 4 aliens that you see here are described by the dichotomous key.

a) Use the key to find the scientific name of each specimen (2 marks)

Please write your answers here: Who is …………..

The green one Alienus tritoothicus
The purple one Alienus fuzzicus
The pink one Alienus tritoothicus
The yellow one Alienus biobicus
The blue one Alienus stripicus
The red one Alienus haircus

b)

Multipeye armituous Monoeye gatros Monoeye leggatros Multieye ituous

(write the alien’s correct name on dotted line above)
5.2 Questions

1. What are the 3 domains of life? Provide an example for each. (3 marks)

Domain Examples
Archaea halophiles
Bacteria. cyanobacteria
Eukarya Human

2. What are the 6 kingdoms of life? Also provide an example for each using online
resources. (6 marks)

Kingdome Example

Eubacteria E. coli

Archae methanogens

Protista Amoeba

Fungi Mushrooms

Plantae Grass

Animalia. Humans
 3. What is biological definition of ‘species’? a group of organisms that share a
genetic heritage, are able to inter-breed, and to create offspring that are also
fertile.

4. a) What is a cladogram?

diagrams which depict the relationships between different groups

b) Using Google images find a cladogram picture that you can understand yourself and
can explain to someone else. Paste that picture of the cladogram below.

My Choice of Cladogram picture:

@ end of practice @