MUTATIONS P1P2 Raphanus sativus x Brassica oleracea

(RR; 2n=18) (BB; 2n=18)

I. Variation in Genome Structure or Numerical Changes in the
Chromosomes
F1 18 I (9 IR + 9 IB) : Sterile
A. Euploidy chromosome doubling of F1
- Changes involving the whole genome or the entire set of 18 II (9 IIR + 9 IIB) : Fertile
chromosomes Phenotype: head of radish root of cabbage
- Organisms with cells containing three or more sets of chromosomes
(genomes) 3. Triticum aestivum
1. Autopolyploidy Bread wheat (2n = 42) - allohexaploid
- Multiplication of one basic genome
2. Allopolyploidy Triticum monococcum x Aegilops speltoides
- Genomes making up multiple sets are not identical (AA; 2n = 14) (BB; 2n = 14)
F1 14 I (7 I + 7 IB): Sterile
A
Variations in chromosome number (n=4)
TYPE Formula Chromosome Complement
chromosome doubling of F1
Monoploid n (ABCD) 14 II (7 IIA + 7 IIB): Fertile
Diploid 2n (ABCD)(ABCD) Triticum dicoccum (2n=28)
Autotriploid 3n (ABCD)(ABCD)(ABCD)
Autotetraploid 4n (ABCD)(ABCD)(ABCD)(ABCD) Triticum dicoccum x Aegilops squarrosa
Allotetraplod 4n (ABCD)(ABCD)(EFGH)(EFGH)
(AABB; 2n=28) (DD; 2n=14)
Examples of Allopolyploidy: F1 21I (7 I + 7 IB + 7ID): Sterile
A

chromosome doubling of F1
1. Nicotiana tabacum L. (tobacco) - allotetraploid (2n=48)
P1P2 N. sylvestris x N. tomentosiformis 21II (7 IIA + 7 IIB + 7 IID): Fertile
(SS; 2n=24) (TT; 2n=24) Triticum aestivum
F1 S T
24 I (12 I ) + 12 I ) (2n = 42)
Sterile
Physical Characteristics of Polyploids:
chromosome doubling of F1
Autopolyploids:
1. Increased individual cell size (increase may not extend to tissues
24II (12 II S + 12 II T) and organs)
Nicotiana tabacum L. (2n=48) 2. Slower growth rate and later maturity.
3. Thicker leaves, larger and fewer flowers.
2. Raphanobrasscica 4. Reduced fertility in varying degrees (meiotic abnormalities)
- Experimental allotetraploid produced by G.D. Karpechenko 5. Existence of optimum range of polyploidy beyond which growth
(1927) may be depressed with increasing chromosome number
 Allopolyploids: B Autosomal Aneuploids
Fertile, possess many of the physical characteristics of Down’s Syndrome 22IIA +121 +XX or XY Mental retardation
autopolyploids (2n=47) slanting eyes;
Mongolian eyelid fold
Saddle nose; swollen
tongue
B. Aneupolyploidy
Patau’s Syndrome 22IIA +I13 +XX or XY Malformations like
- One or more of a normal set (genome) are lacking or are present in
Harelip, cleft palate;
excess serious cerebral,
- Characterized by incomplete genomes (chromosome numbers are ocular and
not multiples of the genome) cardiovascular
defects
Types of Aneuploids (n=4 ; A,B,C,D chromosomes) Edward’s Syndrome 22IIA + I18 + XX or XY malformations in
virtually every organ
Type Formula Chromosome number Chromosome
and Complement configuration at
diakinensis Type II Mutation: CHANGES IN CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE OR
Monosomic 2n-1 7: (ABCD)(ABC) 3II + 1I CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

Nullisomic 2n-2 6: (ABC)(ABC) 3II - chromosome number remains the same

Double Monosomic 2n-1-1 6: (ABCD)(AB) 2II +2I - genetic material becomes altered (loss, gain or rearrangement of
Trisomic 2n+1 9: (ABCD)(ABCD)(A) 4II +1I or 1III +3II particular sections)
Tetrasomic 2n+2 10: (ABCD)(ABCD)(A)(A) 5II or 1IV +3II - Caused by breaks in the chromosome or the chromatid
Double Trisomic 2n+1+1 10: (ABCD)(ABCD)(AB) 4II +2I or 2III +2II
Three possibilities:
 Broken ends may be reunited → eventual loss of the segment
Examples of Aneuploidy in Man: which does not include the centromere
 Same broken ends may reunite or restitute immediately
Type of Aneuploid Chromosome Outstanding  Broken ends may join those produced by a different break →
Composition Characteristics exchange or a nonrestitutional union
A Sexual Aneuploids A. Deficiencies or Deletions
Turner’s Syndrome 22II A + XO Sexual infantilism; - Represent loss of a segment of the chromosome
(2n=45) mental retardation
- Different types of deletions:
Metafemale 22IIA + XXX mental retardation
(2n=47) premature menopause 1. Interstitial deletion
Klinefelter’s Syndrome 22IIA + XXY underdevelopment in 2. Terminal deficiency
Males; sterility; mental • Chromosome configuration at pachynema
retardation
Double Y Syndrome 22IIA + XYY Antisocialism Genetic effects :
(2n=47) aggressiveness; • Deficiencies for a considerable number of loci result in lethality
criminal tendencies, low • Non-lethal deficiencies may result in pseudo-dominance
IQ • Crossing-over is completely absent in the deficient region
• Deficiencies may produce unique phenotypic effects of their own
Examples of chromosomal deficiencies in man:
Philadelphia 22 chromosome
 Deficiency for a large portion of the long arm of chromosome 22
 Associated with chronic myeloid leukemia
Cri-du-chat syndrome
 Deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5
 Distinguishable by a cat-like cry, unique facial features, various
forms of physical defects, and mental retardation
B. Duplications/Repeats
- Section of a chromosome is in excess of the normal amount
- Repeated section may be present in one pair of the homologous
chromosome or may be transposed to a non-homologue or may
exist independently with its own centromere
Types of Duplication:
1. Tandem
2. Reverse tandem
3. Displaced homobrachial (on the same arm)
4. Displaced heterobrachial (on different arm)
5. Transposition to non-homologue
Genetic effects of duplications:
 Duplications of recessive alleles produce wild type phenotypes
 e.g. duplication of vermillion (v) allele in Drosophila produced the
wild type phenotype
 Duplications of recessive alleles produce wild type phenotypes
 e.g. duplication of vermillion (v) allele in Drosophila produced the
wild type phenotype
C. Inversion
 Rotation of a chromosome segment to a full 180o
1. Paracenrtic inversion
 Centromere is not included in the inverted segment
2. Pericentric inversion
 Centromere is included in the inverted segment
Genetic consequences of inversions
1. Inversion homozygotes have normal behavior, with complete
fertility, but with a new linkage order.
2. Inversion heterozygotes are partially or completely sterile.
3. Crossing over is suppressed in inversion heterozygotes
D. Interchange/Reciprocal Translocation
 Occurs when single breaks in two non-homologous chromosomes
produce an exchange of chromosome sections between them
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous Reciprocal translocation
Homozygous Reciprocal Translocation
- Both homologues of each homologous pair exchanged the same
segments
Heterozygous translocation
- Only one homologue of each homologous pair exchanged segments
with a non-homologue
- Both homologues exchanged segments with non-homologue but
the exchanged segments are different
Genetic consequences of reciprocal translocations
1. In homozygotes, altered linkage associations for the genes
contained in exchanged segments
2. In heterozygotes, partial sterility due to abnormal chromosome
segregation during Anaphase I
- Gametes with duplication and deficiencies of some loci are
produced
- Gametes may be lethal
E. Non-reciprocal translocation
- Involves two non-homologous chromosomes
- Usually involve acrocentric chromosomes
- Participating chromosomes may break at their centromeres → long
arms fuse to form single chromosome → short arms contain non-
essential genes (lost)
- In humans → long arm of 21 or 22 and 13,14 or 15 →
Robertsonian Translocation/Fusion
 - Synonymous substitution or silent mutation
Type III Mutation : Gene Mutations - Most transition mutations in the third base of the codon
- No change in the amino acid
A. Microlesions/Base Pair Substitution
- Involves only one nucleotide pair B. Frameshift Mutation
- may be attributed to errors during DNA replication - Insertion or deletion of a single base → shift in the “reading frame”
for the entire sequence
1. Transition - Any insertion or deletion that is not a multiple of 3 nucleotides will
- Substitution of a purine with another purine or a pyrimidine with produce a frameshift mutation
another pyrimidine - Occurs most frequently in regions where there is a monotonous
- often due to tautomeric shift DNA sequence (AAAAAAA in one strand and TTTTTTTT in the other
- e.g. Thymine occurs in keto and enol form → thymine in enol form strand) → favors “stuttering” during DNA synthesis
during replication will pair with guanine instead of adenine - Usually results in the synthesis of a non-functional protein

2. Transversion Mutator Genes

- purine substituted with a pyrimidine and vice versa
- e.g. sickle cell gene:  Present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms
➢ glutamic acid (genetic codes GAA and GAG) is replaced by valine  Associated with DNA polymerases
(genetic codes GUA and GUG)  Example: treffers gene in E. coli
➢ base pair substitution in the DNA involves the A = T pair (CAT - Closely linked to DNA pol II
or CAC instead of CTT or CTC) → thymine replaced by adenine - Change A-T to C-G pair
- Increase mutation rate
Consequences of base pair substitutions:
Transposons or Jumping Genes
1. Nonsense mutation:  moveable genetic elements
 Base substitution that transforms the codon into a nonsense codon  Controlling elements
(UAA, UAG, UGA)  First studied by Barbara McClintock (1951)
 Loss of gene function  Affect color of corn kernels (white, colored, white with colored
speckles)
2. Missense Mutation  Phenotype due to Ds (dissociation gene)and Ac (activator gene)
 Base substitution that results in the substitution of an amino acid in  Ds gene → cause chromosome breakage
the polypeptide chain
Example: Mutation → removal of Ds gene due to chromosome breakage
phenylketonuria gene Position effect of Ds gene → change in color
 aa replacement in phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme 1. Ds gene next to color gene → no color
 change from C-G to T-A base pair 2. Absence of Ds → color
 change in codon from CGG (arg) to UGG (trp) • Ds active only in the presence of Ac
 results to inactivation of the enzyme • Varied number of Ac gene in kernel cells
• Ds and Ac both transposable
3. Same sense mutation
 Transposons in E. coli
 Move around the bacterial genome Base analogues:
 Carry genes as they move - Substitute for bases in DNA
 Move to new site but leave copy in original site → build up in
number of elements Bromouracil
- Similar to thymine
Transposons in Drosophila - Exhibits high tautomerism → mispairs with guanine
 Moveable elements cause hybrid dysgenesis → high mutability
and chromosme breakage Proflavin and other dyes
 Increase rate of mutation at least 100 times - Flat molecules → slip into DNA → frameshift mutation

Reverse Mutations Colchicine:

 distinguish point mutations from large mutational events - Inhibits spindle formation → prevents anaphase
 point mutations → more reversible
 Rule out chromosomal aberrations 4. Exposure to extreme conditions
• Temperature shock
Mutagenic Agents - Increased frequency of polyploidy in plants
 Mutations may be spontaneous or induced • Centrifugation
1. Ionizing radiation - Chromosomal aberrations and aneuploidy
- X-rays, alpha, beta, gamma rays from radioactive sources ( radium
and cobalt 90) 5. Cell regeneration
- Chromosome breaks - Callus formation
- Effective in killing ssDNA viruses - Shoots that regenerate are polyploids
- dsDNA viruses more resistant
6. Hybridization
2. Non-ionizing radiation - Inter-specific and inter-generic allopolyploids
Example: UV radiation
- Cause thymine dimers Evolutionary Significance of Mutations
- Corrected by excision repair system  Genetic variation → raw materials for evolution
- Misrepaired or not repaired result to mutations  Natural selection
 Optimum mutation rate for evolution
3. Chemical mutagens Very low rate - population not sufficient to respond to changing
 Chloral hydrate, acenaphthene, nitrous acid, acridine dyes, base environments
analogues ( bromo-deoxyuridine, 5-bromouracil 2-aminopurine), Very high rate - species overwhelmed by deleterious mutations
alkylating agents, - Low mutation rate of individual genes but numerous genes undergo
Nitrous acid mutation
- changes C to U; U quickly replaced by T
- Changes C-G pair to T-A pair
- Changes A to hypoxanthine; pairs with cytosine → A-T pair to G-C
pair
 Lecture Notes on Linkage and Recombination and
Chromosome Mapping Not the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio for dihybrid cross involving 2
pairs of independently assorting genes
Law of Independent Assortment
Detection of linkage:
- Presupposes that genes reside in different chromosomes
1. Two-point test cross
- Number of genes considerably exceed number of chromosomes
Humans PpLl X ppll
- 50,000 – 100,000 genes PpLl 192 (45%)
- 23 pairs of chromosomes Ppll 23 (5.4%)
ppLl 30 (7%)
Drosophila melanogaster ppll 182 (42.6%)
> 10,000 genes in 4 pairs of chromosomes * Not expected 1:1:1:1 phenotypic ratio

Definition of Linkage 2. Chi-square test

 Physical association of genes on the same chromosome thus their  compare observed ratios of phenotype classes with those expected
tendency to be inherited together according to Mendelian Laws of Segregation and Independent
 Linear arrangement of non-allelic genes on the same chromosome Assortment of genes
 Test for significance of deviations from the expected
Linkage Group - Test for segregation of allelic genes
 Genes carried on the same chromosome - Test for independent assortment of non-allelic genes
 Number equals the haploid chromosome number - Rejection of null hypothesis when two genes are taken separately or
 Set of gene loci that can be placed in linear order representing the jointly precludes independence of two genes → suggest linkage
different degrees of linkage between the loci
Test for segregation of P gene
Linkage Map Pp x Pp → ¾ P_ ¼ pp
 Chromosome map showing the linear order of the genes and the
distance between the genes located on the chromosome
Observed:
Purple 4831 + 390 = 5221
Discovery of Linkage
Red 393 + 1338 = 1731
 Bateson, Saunders and Punnet (1906)
Total = 6952
P – purple p – red L- long l – round
Expected:
P1P2 PPLL X ppll Purple: (6952/4)(3) = 5214
F1 All PpLl (purple long) Red: 6954/4 = 1738
F2 P_L_ 4831 (69.5%)
P_ll 390 (5.6%) X2 = (5221 - 5214)2 + (1731 - 1738)2
ppL_ 393 (5.6%) 5214 1738
ppll 1338 (19.3%) = 0.009 + 0.028
= 0.037 < 3.841
Conclusion: results agree with expected 3P: 1p ratio → segregation of  Results suggest linkage of genes P and L
gene P
Two types of linkage:
Test for segregation of L gene
Ll x Ll → ¾ L_ ¼ ll 1. Complete Linkage
Observed:  Two or more non-allelic genes are closely located to each other in
Long 4831 + 393 = 5224 the same chromosome
 Non-allelic genes cannot assort independently of each other
Round 390 + 1338 = 1728
 Test cross results show only parental types
Expected:
Long 5214 2. Incomplete linkage
Round 1738  Two or more non-allelic genes are far from each other → crossing
2 2
X = (5224 – 5214) + (1728 – 1738)2 over can occur between the genes
5214 1738  Test cross results show all 4 progeny phenotypes but there is
= 0.019 + 0.058 distinct preponderance of parental types
= 0.077 < 3.841  % Recombinants due to crossing over observed but < 50%
 Conclusion: results agree with expected 3L:1l ratio → % Recombinants (%R) = 23 + 30 x 100
segregation of gene L 427
= 12.4 %
Test for independent assortment of genes
Arrangement of linked genes:
PpLl x PpLl = 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio 1. Cis or coupling arrangement
Observed: Purple long 4831  Two dominant genes are on one member of the homologous
Purple round 390 chromosomes and the other two recessives on the other
Red long 393
Red round 1338 A B
_______
Expected: a b
Purple long (6952/16)(9) 3910.5
Purple round (6952/16)(3) 1303.5 2. Trans or repulsion arrangement
Red long (6952/16)(3) 1303.5  Dominant allele of one pair and the recessive allele of the second
Red round (6951/16) 434.5 gene pair lie on the same chromosome
6952  Dominant genes come from different parents
X2 = 3367.1 > 7.81 A b
_______
 Results deviate significantly from the expected 9:3:3:1 phenotypic a B
ratio
 Conclusion: genes P and L segregate but do not assort
independently of each other
Frequency of gametes: Frequency of each parental gamete (AB, ab)
 If genes A and B are independently assorting → AaBb organism 1 - 0.2 = 0.4
will produce 4 kinds of gametes (AB, Ab, aB, ab) in equal proportion 2
(1/4) Frequency of each recombinant gamete (Ab, aB)
 If genes A and B are linked, the proportion of AB, Ab, aB, and ab will 0.2 = 0.1
not be equal to ¼ 2
If genes A and B are in trans arrangement:
Frequency of gametes will depend on: Parental gametes (Ab, aB) = 0.4
1. Arrangement of linked genes (cis or trans) Recombinant gametes (AB, ab) = 0.1
2. Distance between the linked genes
* expressed in map units (mu) or centimorgans (cM) or frequency of Frequency of phenotypes resulting from crosses between two
crossing over (%) heterozygotes:
1% = 1 mu = 1 cM  depend on the arrangement of linked genes in the two individuals
that are crossed and the distance between linked genes
Linked genes are in cis arrangement:
AB and ab gametes are the parental types Heterozygotes both have cis arrangement:
Ab and aB gametes are the recombinant types
Phenotype Genotypes Gametic Combination Frequency
Linked genes are in trans arrangement:
AB 1 AABB AB x AB 0.4 x 0.4
Ab and aB gametes are the parental types
2 AaBB 2 (AB x aB) 2 (0.4 x
AB and ab gametes are the recombinant types
0.1)
Small distance between the genes → low % crossing over 2 AABb 2 (AB x Ab) 2 (0.4 x
0.1)
Greater distance between the genes → high % crossing over 4 AaBb 2 (AB x ab) 2 (0.4 x
0.4)
2 (Ab x aB) 2 (0.1 x
Example for computation of frequency of gametes: 0.1)
f( AB phenotype) = 0.16 + 0.08 + 0.08 + 0.32 + 0.02
Given: 2 pairs of linked genes A and B = 0.66 or 66%
X= frequency of crossing over = 20%
Ab 1 AAbb Ab x Ab 0.1 x 0.1
Frequency of the 4 kinds of gametes:
 Frequency of recombinant gametes = x/2 2 Aabb 2 (Ab x ab) 2 (0.1 x
since x = frequency of crossing over and there are two kinds of recombinant 0.4)
gametes
 Frequency of parental gametes = 1- x f(Ab phenotypes) = 0.01 + 0.08 = 0.09 or 9%
 since there are two parental gametes then frequency of each
parental gamete = 1 – x / 2 aB 1 aaBB aB x aB 0.1 x 0.1
If genes A and B are in cis arrangement: 2 aaBb 2 (aB x ab) 2( 0.1 x 0.4)
f(aB phenotype) = 0.01 + 0.08 = 0.09 or 9% Phenotype Genotypes Gametic Combination
Frequencies
ab 1 aabb ab x ab 0.4 x 0.4 Cis Trans
AB 1 AABB AB AB 0.4 x 0.1
f(ab phenotype) = 0.16 or 16% 2 AaBB AB aB 0.4 x 0.4
aB AB 0.1 x 0.1
Heterozygotes both have trans arrangement: 2 AABb AB Ab 0.4 x 0.4
Ab AB 0.1 x 0.1
Phenotype Genotype Gametic Combination Frequency 4 AaBb AB ab 0.4 x 0.1
AB 1 AABB AB x AB 0.1 x 0.1 ab AB 0.4 x 0.1
2 AaBB 2 (AB x aB) 2 ( 0.1 x 0.4) Ab aB 0.1 x 0.4
2 (AABb) 2 (AB x Ab) 2 ( 0.1 x 0.4) aB Ab 0.1 x 0.4
4 (AaBb) 2 (AB x ab) 2 ( 0.1 x 0.1) f(AB phenotype) = 0.54 or 54 %
2 (aB x Ab) 2 ( 0.4 x 0.4)
f(AB phenotype) = 0.01 + 0.08 + 0.08 + 0.02 + 0.32 = 0.51 or 51 Ab 1 AAbb Ab Ab 0.1 x 0.4
% 2 Aabb Ab ab 0.1 x 0.1
ab Ab 0.4 x 0.4
Ab 1 Aabb Ab x Ab 0.4 x 0.4 f(Ab phenotype) = 0.21 or 21%
2 Aabb 2 (Ab x ab) 2 ( 0.4 x 0.1)
f(Ab phenotype) = 0.16 + 0.08 = 0.24 or 24% aB 1 aaBB aB aB 0.1 x 0.4
2 aaBb aB ab 0.1 x 0.1
aB 1 aaBB aB x aB 0.4 x 0.4 ab aB 0.4 x 0.4
2 aaBb 2 ( aB x ab) 2 ( 0.4 x 0.1)
f(aB phenotype) = 0.21 or 21%
f(aB phenotype) = 0.16 + 0.08 = 0.24 or 24%
ab 1 aabb ab ab 0.4 x 0.1
ab 1 aabb ab x ab 0.1 x 0.1 f(ab phenotype) = 0.04 or 4%
f(ab) = 0.01 or 1%
Construction of the Linkage Map
Heterozygotes crossed one cis the other trans arrangement of  Three point test cross
linked genes  Conceived by Thomas Hunt Morgan (1910) and Sturtevant
% crossing over = 20% (undergraduate student)
Cis: Parental type gametes AB, ab = 0.4  Steps:
Recombinant type gametes Ab, aB = 0.1
1. Perform a three-point test cross.
Trans: Parental type gametes Ab, aB = 0.4
2. Examine the progeny:
Recombinant type gametes AB, ab = 0.1
 - Most frequent → parentals + br + 2 an br + 17
- Least frequent → double cross over types (DCOs) + br f 399 an br f 55

Steps in construction of the linkage map: Construct the linkage map

Steps in Construction of the Linkage Map:
A B C X a b c 1. Look for the Types → most in number
______________ ______________ + br f 399
a b c a b c _____________
an + + 355
Parentals: Single Cross-over II (SCO II):
ABC ABc 2. Identify the DCO → least frequent
abc abC + br + 2
Single Cross-over I ((SCOI): DCOs: _____________
Abc AbC an + f 2
aBC aBc
3. Compute for the distance between the genes • Steps 1 and 2 → help in the establishment of the correct
Distance expressed in terms of: gene order
% Cross-over I = SCOI + DCO X 100 • Identify the two genes that are always together in the
Total Progeny parentals and DCOs
% Cross-over II = SCOII + DCO X 100 • Encircle the third gene and make that as the middle gene
Total Progeny

Linkage Map: Correct gene order: + f br

A %COI B %COII C of parentals ______________
an + +
1 map unit (mu) = distance that gives 1% recombination
Note: If no two genes are always together in the parentals and DCOs,
= 1cM what is given in the problem is the correct gene order.

Sample Problems in the Construction of the Linkage Map SCOI + + + 88

an f br 55
1. In corn, the genes an (anther ear), br (brachytic) and f(fine stripe)
are linked. Test cross data are as follows: SCOII + f + 21
Progeny No Progeny No an + br 17
+ + + 88 an + + 355
+ + f 21 an + f 2 %COI = SCOI + DCO X 100
 Total Progeny m d p
= 88 + 55 + 2 + 2 X 100
939 Linkage map:
= 15.7% m 3.4 mu d 5.6 mu p
% COII = SCOII + DCO X 100
Total progeny
= 21 + 17 + 2 + 2 X 100 Strength of Linkage:
939 cc = coefficient of coincidence
= 4.47 % ~ 4.5 % = ADCO/EDCO (Actual DCO/Expected DCO)
Actual DCO = DCO/Total No.of progeny
Linkage Map: Expected DCO = CO I x CO II
an 15.7% f 4.5% br
First example:
Actual DCO = 4/939 = 0.004
2. In tomato the following genes are located on chromosome 2 Expected DCO = (0.157)(.045) = 0.007
cc = 0.004/0.007 = 0.57
+ tall plant d dwarf plant
+ uniformly green leaves m mottled green leaves Interference = 1-cc = 1 – 0.57 = 0.43
+ smooth fruit p pubescent fruit
Second Example:
Results of the cross + + + / d m p x d m p/d m p are as follows: ADCO = 1/1000 = 0.001
+ + + 470 + m p 1 EDCO = (0.034)(0.056) = 0.0019
+ + p 25 d + p 14 cc = 0.001/0.0019 = 0.526
d + + 0 d m p 441 Interference = 0.474
+ m + 19 d m + 30
• cc → indicates how many percent of the expected DCO’s
• What is the correct gene sequence? occurred
• What are the distances in map units between the first and
second, and between the second and third genes? cc = 1
• Is there interference? • ADCO = EDCO

Answer to Problem # 2 • all expected DCO’s occurred

Proper gene order: • no interference or interference = 0

+ + + • crossing over in region I did not interfere with crossing over
__________ in region 2
 • genes are far from each other SCO I + DCO = (CO I) (Total Progeny)
• genes are not strongly linked SCO I = (CO I) (Total Progeny) – DCO
SCO I = (0.1) (1000) – 8
cc = 0 SCO I = 92 → divide by 2 since there are 2 SCO I
• ADCO = 0 Each SCO I = 46
• complete interference or interference = 1
• crossing over in region 1 prevented or interfered with • compute for SCO II
crossing over in region 2 SCO II = (CO II) (Total Progeny) – DCO
• genes are very close to each other SCO II = (0.2) (1000) – 8
• genes are strongly linked SCO II = 192 → divide by 2 since there are 2 SCO II
• the higher the cc (lower the I) the lesser is the strength of Each SCO II = 96
linkage
• the lower the cc (higher the I) the greater is the strength of • compute for the number of parentals
linkage Parentals = Total progeny – (DCO + SCO I + SCO II)
= 1000 – (8 + 92 + 192)
Type III Problem Solving: = 708/2 → 354 each

Given: Linkage map, total progeny and cc or I Summary:

Compute for the estimated number of DCO’s, SCO I, SCO II and Parentals ABC 354 SCO II ABc 96
Parentals abc 354 abC 96
SCO I Abc 46 DCO AbC 4
Example 1: aBC 46 aBc 4
A ----10%-----B-----------------20%-----------C
Total progeny = 1000 cc = 0.4
Solution:
• compute for the number of DCO’s in the progeny
cc = ADCO/EDCO = DCO/Total Progeny
(CO I) (CO II)
DCO/Total Progeny = (cc) (CO I) (CO II)
DCO = (cc) (CO I) (CO II) (Total Progeny)
DCO = (0.4) (0.1) (0.2) (1000)
DCO = 8 → should be divided by 2 since there are 2 DCO’s
Each DCO = 4

• compute for the number of SCO I

CO I = SCO I + DCO / Total Progeny