GTS 161 - Tutorial 2 Assignment Memo - 2020

TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS Pierce Chapter 3 p 74-78

5. The concept of dominance states that when two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the
dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype.

9. According to the principle of independent assortment, genes for different characteristics that are at
different loci segregate independently of one another. The principle of independent assortment is
really an extension of the principle of segregation. The principle of segregation indicates that the two
alleles at a locus separate when gametes are formed; the principle of independent assortment
indicates that the separation of alleles at one locus is independent of the separation of alleles at
other loci.

10. Mendel’s principles of independent assortment and segregation do not apply to mitosis, which
produces cells genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
In meiosis, the principle of segregation is the result of the separation of homologous chromosomes
in anaphase I. In anaphase II, the two chromatids of each replicated chromosome separate, so that
each gamete resulting from meiosis carries only a single allele at each locus, as Mendel’s principle
of segregation predicted.
Independent assortment refers to genes on different chromosomes. At metaphase I the alignment
of different bivalents (homologous pairs) on the equator is random, and one bivalent’s orientation
does not influence the alignment of any others in a cell. Each pair of homologous chromosomes will
then segregate independently of all other pairs of homologous chromosomes at anaphase I.

18. IA (type A) > iB (type B)

IA IA = type A
IA iB = type A
iB iB = type B

a. ♂ type A × ♀ type B → 4 type A and 3 type B kittens

Because the female parent has blood type B, she must have the genotype iBiB. The male parent could
be either IAIA or IAiB. However, as some of the offspring are type B, the male parent must have
contributed an iB allele to these kittens. Therefore, the male must be genotype IAiB.
♂ IAiB x ♀ iB iB → ½ IAiB : ½ iBiB → ½ type A : ½ type B

c. ♂ type B × ♀ type A → 8 type A kittens

The male with type B blood must be iBiB. A female with type A blood could have either the IAIA or IAiB
genotypes. Because all of her kittens have type A blood, this suggests that she is more likely to be
homozygous for the for IA allele (IAIA) and contributes only the IA allele to her offspring. However it
could be possible (but if so it is unlikely) that she is heterozygous for type A blood (IAiB) and by
chance produced eight kittens with blood type A.
♂ iB iB x ♀ IA IA → all IAiB

e. ♂ type A × ♀ type A → 10 type A kittens

Only kittens with blood type A are produced, therefore both parents can be homozygous for blood
type A (IAIA), or one parent is homozygous for blood type A (IAIA), and the other parent is
heterozygous for blood type A (IAiB). It is highly unlikely that both parents are heterozygous (IAiB),
as no type B offspring were observed amongst 10 kittens.
♂ IAIA x ♀ IAIA → all IAIA OR
IAIA x IAiB → ½ IAIA : ½ IAiB → all type A

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22. A (normal metabolism) > a (alkaptonuria)
AA = normal metabolism
Aa = normal metabolism
aa = alkaptonuria

a. Sally’s father, who has alkaptonuria, must be aa. Her brother, who also has alkaptonuria, must be
aa as well. Because both parents must have contributed one a allele to her brother, Sally’s mother,
who is phenotypically normal, must be heterozygous (Aa). Sally, who is normal, received the A allele
from her mother but must have received an a allele from her father. The genotypes of the individuals
are: Sally (Aa), Sally’s mother (Aa), Sally’s father (aa), and Sally’s brother (aa).

b. Sally’s father aa x Sally’s mother Aa

↓
GR: ½ Aa : ½ aa
PR: ½ normal metabolism : ½ alkaptonuria
P(child with alkaptonuria) = ½

c. Sally Aa x Husband with alkaptonuria aa

↓
GR: ½ Aa : ½ aa
PR: ½ normal metabolism : ½ alkaptonuria
P(child with alkaptonuria) = ½

29. cv+ (normal wings) > cv (curved wings)

cv+ cv+ = normal wings
cv+ cv = normal wings
cv cv = curved wings

F1 cell:
1 chromosome with cv cv on sister
chromatids, homolog with cv+ cv+ on
sister chromatids

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32. The genotypes in the F2 the will result in seeds with round and yellow phenotype are:
1 RRYY : 2 RRYy : 2 RrYY : 4RrYy

a. Only 1/9 of the round, yellow seeds would by homozygous at both loci (RRYY)

b. /9 of the round, yellow seeds would by homozygous at least at one locus (RRYY or RRYy or RrYY).
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35. a+ (brown eyes) > a (apricot eyes) t+ (black coat) > t (tan coat)
a a = brown eyes
+ +
t t = black coat
+ +

a+a = brown eyes t+t = black coat

aa = apricot eyes tt = tan coat

First calculate the expected F2 ratios:

P: a+a+ t+ t+ × aa tt

F1 GR: All a+a t+ t

PR: All brown eyes, black coat

F1 x F1: a+a t+ t × a+a t+ t

F2 PR: 9/16 brown eyes, black coat

3/16 brown eyes, tan coat
3/16 apricot eyes, black coat
1/16 apricot eyes, tan coat

No order of events specified, so use formula or binomial expansion.

n=8
s = number of apricot, tan progeny = 2
t = number of other phenotype progeny = 6
p = probability for apricot eyes, tan coats = 1/16
q = probability for any other phenotype = 15/16

P = n! ps qt
s!t!
= 8! (1/16)2 (15/16)6
2! 6!
= 28 (1/16)2 (15/16)6
= 0.074

Or if you expand the binomial:

(p + q) 8 = p8 + 8p7q + 28p6q2 + 56p5q3 + 70p4q4 + 56p3q5 + 28p2q6 + 8pq7 + q8
P = 28p2q6
= 28 (1/16)2 (15/16)6
= 0.074

36. D (dull) > d (glossy) R (orange) > r (cream) B (bitter) > b (non-bitter)
DD = dull fruit RR = orange fruit BB = bitter cotelydons
Dd = dull fruit Rr = orange fruit Bb = bitter cotelydons
dd = glossy fruit rr = cream fruit bb = non- bitter cotelydons

P: DD RR BB x dd rr bb

F1: GR: All Dd Rr Bb

PR: All dull, orange, bitter

F1 x F1: Dd Rr Bb x Dd Rr Bb
Consider each locus separately to determine the expected F2 PR.
D locus: Dd x Dd → ¾ dull (DD and Dd) : ¼ glossy (dd)
R locus: Rr x Rr → ¾ orange (Rr and rr) : ¼ cream (rr)
D locus: Bb x Bb → ¾ bitter (Bb and bb) : ¼ non-bitter (bb)

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 F2 PR:
D locus R locus B locus F2 PR
¾ dull ¾ orange ¾ bitter → 27/64 dull, orange, bitter
¼ non-bitter → 9/64 dull, orange, non-bitter
¼ cream ¾ bitter → 9/64 dull, cream, bitter
¼ non-bitter → 3/64 dull, cream, non-bitter
¼ glossy ¾ orange ¾ bitter → 9/64 glossy, orange, bitter
¼ non-bitter → 3/64 glossy, orange, non-bitter
¼ cream ¾ bitter → 3/64 glossy, cream, bitter
¼ non-bitter → 1/64 glossy, cream, non-bitter

NON-TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS

1. A (absence of moles) > a (presence of moles)

AA = absence of moles
Aa = absence of moles
aa = presence of moles

For this couple:

Aa x Aa → GR: 1/4 AA : 1/2 Aa : 1/4 aa (or 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1aa)
PR: /4 absence of moles : 1/4 presence of moles (or 3 no moles :1 moles)
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Let p = P(absence of moles/without) = ¾

q = P(presence of moles/with) = ¼

a. (p + q)7 = p7 + 7p6q + 21p5q2 + 35p4q3 + + 35p3q4 + 21p2q5 + 7pq6 + q7

b. (i) P (child without moles) = p = ¾

(ii) P (7 with moles) = q7 = (¼)7 = 0,00006
(iii) P(1st no moles and 2nd no moles and 3rd moles and 4th moles and 5th moles and 6th moles and
7th moles)
= (¾)2(¼)5 = 0,00054
(iv) P(4 without and 3 with) = 35p4q3 = 35 (¾)4 (¼)3 = 0,173
OR = 7! / 4! 3! (¾)4 (¼)3

c. This is an example of conditional probability. As the child in question has no moles (dominant
phenotype), his genotype cannot be aa, he must be either AA or Aa. As the parents are both
heterozygous, the expected offspring ratio is 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1aa. However if you only consider
those offspring with the dominant phenotype, the ratio is 1 AA : 2 Aa.
So the probability for the child without moles to be heterozygous (Aa) is ⅔.

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2 a. Consider each locus separately, and convert numbers to ratios.

Pollen: 153 + 145 = 298 yellow; 48 + 51 = 99 white

298 : 99 → approximately 3:1 ratio
Typical ratio resulting from cross between 2 individuals both heterozygous for
a dominant trait.

Let pollen colour be controlled by the A locus, with alleles A and a.

A (yellow > a (white)
AA = yellow
Aa = yellow
aa = white
Genotypes of parents for A-locus: Aa x Aa

Leaves: 153 + 48 = 201 wavy; 145 + 51 = 196 smooth

201 : 196 → approximately 1:1 ratio
Typical ratio where one parent is heterozygous for dominant trait, and the
other is homozygous recessive.

Let pollen shape be controlled by the B locus, with alleles B and b.

B (wavy) > b (smooth) OR: B (smooth) > b (wavy)
BB = wavy BB = smooth
Bb = wavy Bb = smooth
bb = smooth bb = wavy
Genotypes of parents for B-locus: Bb (wavy) x bb (smooth) OR
Bb (smooth) x bb (wavy)
(there is not enough information available to enable you to decide which allele is dominant, so
either of these two models could be correct).

b. Parents: AaBb x Aabb OR Aabb x AaBb

yellow wavy yellow smooth yellow wavy yellow smooth

c. AaBb x Aabb

Ab ab GR: PR:
1 AABb :
AB AABb AaBb 2 AaBb : 3 A_B_ → yellow wavy
Ab AAbb Aabb 1 AAbb :
2 Aabb : 3 A_bb → yellow smooth
aB AaBb aaBb
Ab Aabb aabb 1 aaBb : 1 aaB_ → white wavy
1 aabb 1 aabb → white smooth