GTS 161 EXAM MEMO 2011

Question 1 [10]

1.1 C
1.2 E
1.3 D
1.4 B

1.5 E
1.6 A
1.7 D
1.8 A
1.9 A
1.10 C

Question 2 [10]

a. autosomes
b. zygonema / zygotene sigonema / sigoteen
c. polyploid / autopolyploid / allopolyploid

f. Chi-square (2 ) chi-kwadraat toets

g. incomplete dominance / partial dominance / absence of dominance
h. Down syndrome
i. locus / loci
j. metacentric

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Question 3 [10]

3.1a P: Bb x Bb (1)
F1 GR: ¼ BB : ½ Bb : ¼ bb OR 1:2:1 (1)
F1 PR: ¾ black : ¼ white OR 3:1 (1)

b. Probability for both parents being heterozygous, given they have the black phenotype
Pc = P(heterozygous genotype Bb) ÷ P(black phenotype)
= ½ ÷ ¾ = ⅔ (1)

P(white offspring) = P (bb from Bb x Bb)

= ¼ (1)

Total probability = P(male = Aa) AND P(female = Aa) AND P(offspring = aa)
= ⅔ x ⅔ x ¼
= 4/
36
= 1/ (1)
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3.2 a. E.g. h1h2 t3t5 (OR Hh Tt etc.) (1)

b. For multiple alleles, number of diploid genotypes = n/2(n+1)

H gene: 3/2 (3+1) = 6 different genotypes (1)
T gene: 5/2(5+1) = 15 different genotypes (1)
For H and T = 6 x 15 = 90 genotypes. (1)

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Question 4 [8]

4.1 a. Tetrasome : Diploid individual with four copies of a specific chromosome / diploid with
two additional chromosomes (1)
Tetraploid : Polyploid individual, with four full sets of chromosomes / four haploid sets /
4n / four copies of every chromosome (1)

b. Species A: n = 11 (1)
Species B: n=6 (1)

c. Species A: 2n + 2 = 24 (22+2) (1)

Species B: 4n = 24 (1)

4.2a. Yes (½)

b. Yes (½)
c. Yes (½)
d. Yes (½)

Question 5 [5]

a. 34 = 81 (1)

b (i) tall, round, purple, full (1)

(ii) (¾)4 = 81/
256 = 0,32 (1)

c (i) A cross with a homozygous recessive individual (1)

(ii) 24 = 16 (1)

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Question 6 [7]
a. Lethal alleles (1)
b. Yellow: AaBb (2)
Albino: aaBb (2)
c. Dominance:
Interaction between two alleles of the same locus (½)
One copy of the dominant allele (A) is sufficient for expression of the colour phenotype
(A_), recessive allele (a) causes albino only when homozygous (½)
(can not use B-locus as example)
Epistasis:
Interaction between two genes that both influence the same characteristic (½)
A and B loci interact to determine coat coat colour / the B-locus can only be expressed
in the presence of the dominant A-allele / the aa genotype masks expression of the B-
locus. (½)

Question 7 [8]
a. False. Sperm cells are the products of meiosis (½) (spermatogenesis), a process that
generates genetic variation (½)
The process of crossing over (½) during prophase I is responsible for recombining
genes on homologous chromosomes / exchanging segments of paternal & maternal
copies of the same chromosome (1½)
The process of independent assortment (½) / random aligning of tetrads on equatorial
plate of metaphase I is responsible for recombining genes on non-homologous
chromosomes (1½) max = 5
b. Meiosis:
First division: homologous chromosomes pair / synapse and then segregate at
anaphase I, this ensures reduction of the chromosome number from diploid to haploid /
1 copy of each chromosome per gamete.
Second division: every chromosome still consists of two chromatids, division of the
centromere and the resulting chromatid segregation ensures every gamete contains
one chromosome consisting of only one chromatid / contains one allele of each locus.
Mitosis: Two identical sister chromatids held together by the same centromere are
separated at anaphase to reestablish normal DNA content (1)

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 Question 8 [11]

8.1 8 classes (1)

In equal ratios OR 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 / each 1/8 / each 0,125 (1)

8.2 2 classes (1)

In equal ratios OR 1:1 (1)

8.3 a.
Q T r gene order, ie T/t in middle (1)
_ _ linkage relationship (1)
q t R

b. %DCO = (6+4) (½)/ 1000 x 100 = 1% (½) OR Qtr & qTR (1)
%SCOI = (70+80) (½)/ 1000 x 100 = 15% (½) OR QtR & qTr (1)
%SCOII = (60+70) (½)/ 1000 x 100 = 13% (½) OR QTR & qtr (1)

Distance Q-T = %SCOI + %DCO

= 15 + 1
= 16

Distance T-R = %SCOII + %DCO

= 13 + 1
= 14

(1) (1)
Q 16 T 14 R

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Question 9 [8]
9.1 X-linked / sex-linked (1)
Sex influenced (1)
Extranuclear inheritance (1) OR any of 3x examples below
- organelle heredity (chloroplast / mitochondria) (1)
- infectious heredity (bacteria / virus in oocyte cytoplasm) (1)
- maternal effect (1) max = 3
9.2 a. Possession of only one copy of a gene (½) in an otherwise diploid cell (½), eg X-linked or
Y-linked genes in males
b. The presence of two identical alleles (½) at a specific locus / gene (½), eg aa
c. Two chromosomes (½) with the same size, centromere position and order of loci /
chromosomes that pair during meiosis (½)
d. The sex that produces only one type of gamete (½) with respect to sex chromosome
content (½), eg gametes of XX females all carry X

Question 10 [7]
a. One of the two X-chromosomes in all somatic cells of females are inactivated
(Barr bodies / lyonization / dosage compensation) (1)
Because this is a random process, heterozygous females will show mosaic patterns of X-
linked gene expression (1)
OR:
If an individual has the majority of the Xh alleles inactivated, she will show near normal
blood clotting (1), while if more XH alleles are inactivated she will be hemophilic (1)
b. (Variable) expressivity (1)
c. No. Males can only be either XHY (normal) or XhY (hemophiliac) / have only one X-
chromosome / are hemizygous (1)
d. XhXhY
Chromosome composition (1)
homozygous for h-alleles (1)
Non-disjunction (½) of maternal X-chromosome (½) carrying the h-allele during meiosis II

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Question 11 [10]

a. (A) Reciprocal (1) translocation (1)

(B) Pericentric (1) inversion (1)

b.

(1) (1)

c.

4 x (½)

d. Deletions (1)
Duplications (1)

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Question 12 [6]

12.2 Organelle heredity:

DNA contained in mitochondria or chloroplasts (½) is transmitted uniparentally (½) (often
via maternal cytoplasm) and determines phenotypic characteristics of offspring (½)
(any 2 x ½ = 1)
Maternal effects:
Nuclear gene products (eg proteins) of mother (½) (determined by maternal genotype)
are stored in the egg / transmitted via ooplasm (½) and influence the phenotype /
development of the offspring (½) (any 2 x ½ = 1) (1)

12.3 ♀ dextral x ♂ unknown phenotype

Dd (1) dd (1)
↓
F1: all dextral
½ Dd : ½ dd (1)