LESSON 1: CELL THEORY AND CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
CELL THEORY
- All living things are composed of units called CELLS.
3 MAIN TENETS (PRINCPLE) OF CELL THEORY
- Cell is the basic function of life
- All organisms are made up of cells
- Cells come from pre-existing cells.
(Omnis Cellula e Cellula) - Rudolf Virchow
HISTORY
Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Father duo) (1595)
- Invented compound microscope.
- - Proposed that living cells arise only from other living cells.
Robert Hooke (1665)
- A British scientist, and the first person to observe
microscopic cells.
- Refined compound microscope that yielded
“Micrographia” book in 1965.
- The term “cell” came from the microscopic chambers
observed in cork. (Nilagay nya din sa book nya^^)
- He was also a monk.
- Discovered cell wall on dead plants.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1670)
- Began to build his own microscope after reading Hooke's
book.
- First person to observe living cells collectively called
“Living celli” (Animalcules) (Observed microorganisms in
rainwater)
- A dutch, textile exporter. He used his single-lens
microscope for quality checking of his textiles.
Matthias Schleiden (1838) (Botanical lens)
- Revealed that plant tissues are composed of cells, and
established cells as the foundation of plant life.
- A german botanist that proposed that all plant cells
made up of living cells.
Theodor Schwann (1839)
- A German zoologist; proposed that all animals are made
up of cells.
- bridged the gap between plants and animals, explaining
universality of the cell theory.
Rudolf Virchow(1850)
- A german doctor studying cells under a microscope
and happened to see cells forming and dividing.
- A pathologist (Doctor of finding the causes of diseases)
And proposed the concept of omnis cellula e cellula.
- Consolidates the theory's tenets. (nag-emerge sila)
Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri (1885)
- Discovered the roles of chromosomes in heredity.
James Watsons, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin (1950)
- Discovered the structure of the DNA
James Thomson (1998)
- Isolated human embryonic stem cells and became
versatile stem cells to treat diseases.
ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
- Mitochondria and Chloroplast were once prokaryotes
(Cells of their own) but were eaten (not clear indigestion,
but enough for it to function inside) by a large bacteria
(Prokaryote) as the bacteria deemed it necessary to live
on its own. (May producer ng food and energy)
Aid from microscope—--understanding cells—---cell theory.
CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION CYTOPLASM
- Semifluid, gel-like substance which fills the entire
General Characteristics of a cell intracellular space
- Genetic information - It serves as the medium for chemical reactions within the
- Cytoplasm cell.
- Plasma Membrane - Where the organelles are suspended.
- Cytosol - a water-based solution that contains ions, small
Genetic Information molecules, and macromolecules.
- Comes in different forms - Connects and maintains organelles.

Prokaryotes Genetic Information ANALOGY:

- Nucleoid - where the genetic info of prokaryotic cells
resides as well as the chromosomal DNA (Concentrated
gene material)
- Plasmid- small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule
that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. The genes
carried in plasmids provide bacteria with genetic
advantages, such as antibiotic resistance. (Simplified
genetic structure) (Allows prokaryotes to reproduce
easily)
Eukaryotic Genetic Information
Nucleus
- DNA
- Chromosomes (part of a DNA) (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Chromosomes are tightly coiled.
- Where protein synthesis usually happens. (Coding of
Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine.
Water in the ocean- Classroom (Cytoplasm)
Saltwater itself that makes the organelles one- (Cytosol)
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Defines the boundaries of the cell and its internal
compartments
- Allows transport of various substances IN and OUT of the
cell
- Cell to cell communication, adherence and signal
transduction.
- Cells stick together using a plasma membrane called cell
junction.
- Phospholipid bilayer- Contains macromolecules and has
2 layers. Hydrophobic (water-fearing tail) Hydrophilic
(water-loving head). Selectively permeable; Pili lang
nakakapasok and nakakalabas para iwas apoptosis.
Also found in nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

ANALOGY: SUBCELLULAR ORGANELLES OF THE CELL

Yarn as a whole- DNA
Coiled yarn- Chromosomes NUCLEUS
Segments of yarn- Genes - Control center of the cell
- Stores and regulate the genetic info
- Chromosomes reside in here
- DNA resides here (blueprint/manual of life) and is
essential to protein synthesis.
- All information is transcribed and coded in the nucleus

- The largest organelle that contains information of all
eukaryotic cells.
MITOCHONRION
- Powerhouse of the cell
- Its membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer.
(selectively permeable)
- Site of cellular respiration (Process of cell converting
nutrients to become energy)
- The energy is stored in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
- Produces Co2 and H2o as a waste.
- Opposite process of photosynthesis
- AMP—-ADP—-ATP (Low, partially, High) (Different states
to power the cell. )
- ^^Molecules involved in energy transactions. THEY GET
RECYCLED because of the law of energy conservation.
(energy cannot be created nor destroyed)
- Cellular respiration (Cristae, Inner membrane, matrix)
- The number and location of mitochondria within a cell
can often be related directly to their role in that cell.
- Sperm cells and muscle cells for instance requires a lot
since yung task nila is vigorous and required too much
energy. (If naubos yung energy, kukuha sya sa iba na
nagprproduce ng lactic acid. )
GOLGI BODY
- Stacks of flattened sacs
- Receive proteins made by ER
- Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the
ends
- Cell post office/warehouse
- Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage
OR transport out of cell
- Yug vesicle is transported with modified proteins pinch
off the ends.
- Vesicles pinched off the ends carries certain substances
- (Sugar to be delivered to mitochondria)
- Transface (To deliver)
- Cisface (To receive)
- THEY ALSO CHECK ALL SUBSTANCES, pack and SHIP THEM
AGAIN.
- Need ng same properties to fuse or pinch off.
- RECEIVE PROTEINS FROM ER
- Also composed of phospholipid bilayer.
LYSOSOMES
- Contain digestive enzymes
- Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for
cells
- Programmed for cell death (APOPTOSIS) (May lining siya
to protect itself sa mga acid and can switch anytime)
- Lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell
parts)
- Cells take in food (Phagocytosis) Liquid (Pinocytosis)
- Lysosomes digest the food & get rid of wastes.
RIBOSOMES
- Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
- “Protein factories” for cell
- Join amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to make
proteins through protein synthesis (To form something)
- Connects to mRna to translate, and is also the 2nd step
of photosynthesis.
VACUOLE
- Fluid filled sacs for storage
- Small or absent in animal cells (also stores nutrients but
less significant role.
- Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole ((90% for
photosynthesis)
- In plants, they store Cell Sap (dagta)
- Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids,
wastes, salts, water, and enzymes.
- Helps maintain cell shape, stores water, nutrients.
CHLOROPLASTS
- Found only in producers (organisms containing
chlorophyll)
- Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
- Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
- Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane
- Outer membrane smooth, Inner membrane modified
into sacs called Thylakoids
- Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
- Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids
- Can be in different pigments
- Produce O2, Co2, and sugar.
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
- Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small
particles across the cell surface
- Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
- Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
LESSON 2: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS
- Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) microscopes
that use a particle beam of electrons to visualize
specimens and generate a highly-magnified image. TEMs
can magnify objects up to 2 million times.
Prokaryotic cell
"pro"- before, karyon - nucleus
- type of cell with NO true nucleus or membrane bound
organelles
- simple and unicellular
- smaller than the eukaryotic cells
- Domain Bacteria and Archaebacteria
Examples:
Escherichia coli bacterium.
Streptococcus bacterium.
Lactobacillus acidophilus.
Cyanobacteria- Dito daw nagform ang life cuz it introduced O2
- Prokaryotes initial reactions are bacterial cells.
- Usually rod shapes like lactobacillus (pwede siya diff
shapes on 1st observation)
- 80%- Good bacterias 20%- pathogens
- Bacteria feasts in moist areas (where they reproduce)
- It has Pili- A pathway from nucleoid to other nucleoid to
send genetic info
 - Binary fision for asexual reproduction.
- Fimbria- For anchorage sa environment nya and to other
cells. (Cilia, but on bacterias)

ARCHAEBACTERIAS

- Encapsulated ng sugar (extremophiles)

 LESSON 3: ANIMAL TISSUES [CONNECTIVE TISSUE]
- TISSUE: combination/group of cells having the same
function of the same type; group of specialized cell that
are adapted to perform unified actions [ANALOGY:
students ng copernicus: cells ; copernicus as a whole:
tissue]
CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
- Main function is to connect organs
- Most tissues are vascularized (maraming blood vessels =
maraming supply of oxygenated blood) EXCEPT tendons
and ligaments
- Contains an extracellular matrix (substances around/sa
labas ng cell; example: ground substance, which are
water, proteins, and large polysaccharide
[polysaccharide = sugar molecules])
● TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
1. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE (LOOSE connective tissue)
- [BY APPEARANCE] hindi siya compact; maraming
spaces
- Skin (dermis) and muscles, bone marrow, blood
vessels, and nerves
- [FUNCTION] cushion as a protection against
external forces in between blood vessels and
nerves.
- FIBROCYTES: fiber-forming cells
- MAST CELLS: type of cells na nag respond to
allergens (nag rerelease ng histamine); nag
titrigger ng allergic reaction.
2. ADIPOSE (LOOSE connective tissue)
- Made up of adipocytes (fat-producing cells)
- Mainly under the skin, between muscles,
intestines, membrane folds, and around the heart
- Prominent sa breast
- May parang vacuole siya but ang nacacarry ay
fats.
3. DENSE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Primarily made up of collagen fibers, with
relatively fewer cells and ground substaear)
4. BONE/OSSEOUS TISSUE
- Bone is a living tissue (Why? [1] because from our
baby size, nag g-grow din siya which is why
lumalaki tayo and [2] kailangan niya ng blood
supply, oxygenated blood to be specific, and
kahit anong nangangailangan ng oxygenated
blood ay may buhay)
- HAVERSIAN CANAL: nasakanya yung oxygenated
blood
- LACUNAE: chamber containing osteocytes (bone
cells) → singular = LACUNA
- CANALICULI: pathway para magdala ng oxygen
sa lacunae ay kumuha ng CO2 also
- [GANITO ANG PROCESS]: haversian canal
contains oxygenated blood and then ang
pathway of essentials ay canaliculi papunta sa
lacunae
5. CARTILAGE
- Trachea merong cartilage rings as integral
support para kapag nag inhale tayo, hindi fully
mag coconstrict yung trachea and makakahinga
pa rin.
- [BY APPEARANCE] yung pink area niya yung
extracellular matrix
- Meron siyang parang lacuna but it contains
chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
- HYALINE CARTILAGE: glass-like rubbery matrix and
collagen fibers found in the skeleton of fetus,
larynx, and joints; precursor of bones
- FIBROCARTILAGE: highly compressible cartilage
found in vertebral disks
- ELASTIC CARTILAGE: as the term suggest, elastic
siya (found in outer ear
- also avascular
6. BLOOD
- Vascular tissue (the only liquid tissue) that circulates in the
body.
- MAIN FUNCTION: transport of substances, immune
 - compared to loose connective tissue.
- Mas marami ang mitochondria niya dahil since it
is mostly known to be found sa tendon and
ligament at gumagamit sila ng great amount of
energy. Also, marami ang nucleus niya for a
faster repair and regeneration (since mabilis ang
transfer of energy and such).
- TENDON: TMB; muscle to bone (sprain)
- LIGAMENT: LBB; bone to bone (strain)
LESSON 4: ANIMAL TISSUES [EPITHELIAL TISSUE]
- EPITHELIAL TISSUE: forms the covering on all internal and
external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and
hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands; meron
siyang regenerative property.
- FUNCTIONS:
➔ PROTECTION: (skin) from sunlight, bacterial
infection, and physical damage
➔ ABSORPTION: lining sa small intestines that
absorbs nutrients papunta sa blood
➔ FILTRATION: Lining of kidney tubules filtering
wastes from blood plasma
➔ SECRETION: (nagpproduce) different glands
produce perspiration, oil, digestive enzymes and
mucus
- CHARACTERISTICS:
➔ Merong lumen (open space above epithelial
cells na ang purpose ay (1) para makamove
yung mucus and trapped particles out of the
response, and blood clotting
➔ TYPES OF BLOOD:
- RBC: O2 and CO2 exchange
- WBC: leukocytes (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)
- PLATELETS: thrombocytes for blood clotting
(kapag may sugat and such)
ADDITIONAL:
- CHONDROBLASTS: precursor of chondrocytes; from the
word blast, nag bblast siya ng chondrocytes.
- LUNGS: hindi lang sakanya galing ang CO2; in fact, siya
yung nagcocollect ng CO2 from other organs as well.
- STEM CELL: cells na walang patutunguhan. If ano yung
ididictate sakanila na magiging purpose, magiging
ganon sila (dependent to instruction/pag dictate)
5. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM:
- Nag cchange ng form (transition) nag eexpand
siya
- Many layers; cells at base are cuboidal or
columnar, at surface will vary
- LOCATION: urinary bladder, urethra and ureters
6. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS:
- consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells
arranged in layers upon a basal membrane.
- One layer is to basement membrane; the rest
kapit lang for its structure
- FUNCTION: protection against harm (para sa mga
structures sa ilalim niya)
7. STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL:
- Multiple layers of cuboidal cell
- only the most superficial (UPPER) layer is made up
of cuboidal cells, and the other layers can be
cells of other types.
- It lines the ducts of a few exocrine glands, where
its function is related to secretion and transport.
 airways for respiratory tract, (2) pang-absorb for
gastrointestinal tract, and (3)exhangce of oxygen
and other substances between blood and
surrounding tissues for blood vessels
➔ Merong basement membrane para dikit to
connective tissue (since connective tissues are
vascular and epithelial on the other hand ay
avascular [meaning, kulang sa blood vessels] so
kailangan nito yung mga connective tissue)
- CLASSIFICATION:
[KEY TERMS]
● SIMPLE: one layer (simpleng tao isa lang gusto)
● STRATIFIED: more than one layer (stratified sampling
marami sila doon)
● SQUAMOUS: flat squashed cells (SQUA = squashed)
● CUBOIDAL: cube cell with round nuclei (CUB = cube)
● COLUMNAR: rectangular cell with oval-shaped nuclei
(COLUMN = pahaba ang column sa table = rectangle)
1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL
- Single layer of flattened cell
- FUNCTION: paghinga/gas exchange
- Thin layer lang siya para makapag
penetrate yung air
- Gases can disolve and diffuse
between the lungs and the circulatory system
2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIAL:
- Single layer of cubed cells; hindi
sila gaano naiipit; namamaintain ung
shape
- Secretion and transportation in
glands, filtration in kidneys; absorbing
essential substances and secreting waste products
3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR
For example, it can be found in certain sweat
gland ducts, salivary gland ducts, and mammary
gland ducts.
8. STRATIFIED COLUMNAR:
- rare type of epithelium composed of columnar
cells arranged in several layers (usually only two).
- lines the ducts of some exocrine glands,
particularly larger ducts, where it may play a role
in transporting secretions. For example, it can be
found in the ducts of the salivary glands.
- GLANDS: one or more cells that make and secrete a
product
● ENDOCRINE GLANDS: (endo = internal) no duct,
release secretion into blood vessels often
hormones thyroid, adrenal and pituitary glands
● EXOCRINE GLANDS: (exo = external) contain
ducts, empty onto epithelial surface sweat , oil
glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
Shapes of exocrine glands:
➔ Branching
- Simple - single, unbranched duct
- Compound - branched.
➔ Shape: tubular or alveolar
- Tubular - shaped like a tube
- Alveolar - shaped like flasks or sacs
- Tubuloalveolar - has both tubes and sacs in gland
Modes of Secretion
➔ Merocrine
- Just released by exocytosis without altering the gland at
all. Ex: Sweat glands and salivary glands
➔ Holocrine
- The gland ruptures and releases secretion and dead cells
as well.
- Sebaceous (oil glands on the face) only
 - Elongated layer of cells with nuclei
at the same level
- Yung white na malalaki = goblet
cells.
- GOBLET CELLS: produce and
secrete mucus na nag ttrap ng inhaled
particles like dust and other foreign
substances so that hindi aabot sa lungs
and for moisture na rin ng airways (for
digestion: goblet cells helps to protect the lining of the
stomach and intestines from digestive enzymes and
acid)
- VILLUS: circular fold within Mucosa (in other terms: nasa
mucus lining like lining sa stomach) → VILLI singular
- Within villus, andoon si microvilli (function niya: increase
surface area para makaabsorb ng maraming nutrients
and such para mas productive)
4. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR:
- PSEUDO = false/fake; STRATIFIED = multilayered
- PSEUDO + STRATIFIED = hindi siya stratified
although mukha siyang stratified
- irregularly shaped cells with nuclei at different
levels
- CILIA: facilitate mucociliary clearance;
clearance of mucus and foreign particles from
the airways
 LESSON 5: MUSCLE TISSUE - NEURONS ARE MADE UP OF:
1. CELL BODY/SOMA: contains nucleus and specialized
organelles that produces molecules needed by neurons
2. DENDRITE: transmit signals TOWARD cell body (external
stimulus papunta sa brain) or daanan papunta kay soma
3. AXON: transmits signals AWAY from the cell body
4. SYNAPSE/NEURAL JUNCTION: gap between the terminals
(axon and dendrite); doon nag p-process ang
electrochemical signals; between a neuron or a
- MUSCLE: made up of specialized cells that can shorten muscle/glands or between 2 neurons
or contract to produce movements 5. MYELIN SHEATH: transparent cover ni axon;
➔ TYPES: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac [perform the same cinocontain/cinoconcentrate niya yung electrochemical
function but differs in structure] signals para matransmit quickly and efficiently yung
➔ electrochemical signals being processed
1. SKELETAL MUSCLE 6. NODES OF RANVIER: gap between myelin sheath and
- Voluntary (can be controlled) axon
- Attached to skeleton/bones
- When they contract, they pull the bone and the
skin to cause movement
- Build for mobility
- Maraming nucleus with striations (striated: meron
siyang stripes; maraming nucleus because
nucleus contains genetic information and
sakanila galing yung instructions. With that said,
nakakapag bigay sila ng instruction to produce
protein (protein synthesis) dahil yun yung need
ng mga muscle)
2. SMOOTH MUSCLE:
- Nonstriated and uninucleated (uninucleated:
one smooth muscle cell = one nucleus)
➔ 3 TYPES OF NEURONS BASED ON FUNCTIONS:
- Mostly sa muscle sa internal organs
1. SENSORY NEURONS (AFFERENT):
- Involuntarily contracts; slower than the 2 types of
- transmitting sensory information from various parts
muscle tissue
of the body to the central nervous system (CNS)
- Spindle-shaped nucleus (patusok yung ends ng
- unipolar or pseudo unipolar with an axon that
nucleus)
branches into two extensions (unipolar: single
3. CARDIAC MUSCLE
process but nag split into two branches [central
- Found in the heart
and peripheral]; pseudo unipolar: same process
- Cardiac muscle cells are branching together and
with polar but mukha siyang polar kahit hindi)
 fit tightly together at junctions called intercalated
disks (and yung mga disc na yun contains gap
junction)
- BRANCHING: coordinated yung movements ng
fibers and cell para synchronous yung pag pump
niya
- INTERCALATED DISC: nagkakaroon ng conduction
of electrical impulses (dito inuutusan ng brain
yung organs to function) across the heart
- Striated and uninucleated
4. NERVE TISSUE:
- All about brain cells
- NEURONS: basic/smallest structural unit of the
nervous system
- 2 CHARACTERISTICS:
● IRRITABILITY: stimulus response; allows the brain to
be sensitive para makapag respond siya to
various stimulus (makapag bigay ng signal)
● CONDUCTIVITY: paano nag cocommunicate ang
nervous system with one another (nervous system
to body parts) PARA MAG RESPOND (tinatransmit
yung conduction of electrochemical signals from
one part of the body to another)
- SUMMARY/ EXPLANATION ON IRRITABILITY AND CONDUCTIVITY:
Ang focus ng irritability is yung pag react ng neurons to a stimuli
para makatrigger ng electric impulse and makapag send ng
signal sa nervous system. Now, kapag nag send na ng signal, si
conductivity naman ang may focus sa pag transmit nung signal
papunta doon sa body part to trigger action/actual response.
- FIRST AXON: connected to dendrite
- SECOND AXON: transmits the information to the
central nervous system
2. INTERNEURONS:
- multipolar neurons with one axon and multiple
dendrites; connects the sensory neuron to the
motor neuron
3. MOTOR NEURONS (EFFERENT):
- multipolar neurons that carry electrochemical
signals from the CNS to the muscles or glands.
- responsible for initiating muscle contractions and
movement
● Aside from neurons, nervous tissues also contain
neuroglia (glial cells) or supporting cells, which basically
insulate neurons for protection (yung insulator ng wires =
glial cells; wires mismo = neurons)
● Four among the 6 types of glial cell nasa CNS while two
yung nasa PNS
● CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS): brain and spinal cord
● PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS): nerves throughout
the body
● ASTROCYTES: star-shaped cells (type of glial); structural
support and neurotransmitter regulation
● MICROGLIAL CELLS: ovoid cells (ovum = egg =
egg-shaped); defense system ng central nervous system;
phagocytosis: dinidigest yung identified damaged cells
or pathogens or debris within CNS
● EPENDYMAL CELLS: ciliated (merong cilia sa surface;
hair-like structure thingy); fairly permeable membrane
between the cavities with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and
the tissues of CNS. [CSF cushions the brain and spinal
cord)
● OLIGODENDROCYTES: myelin-producing cell
(myelination); production of myelin sheath (nakakapag
ano ng myelination to multiple axons)
 LESSON 6: CELL MODIFICATION

- DESMOSOME: linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to
intermediate filaments; cell-to-cell adhesion
- GAP JUNCTION: channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight
substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate
- PLASMODESMA[s]/PLASMODESMATA[p]: channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their
cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell
- EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: material (primarily collagen, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans) secreted from animal cells that
provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue (extra: external == around the cell
- TIGHT JUNCTION: firm seal between two adjacent animal cells created by protein adherence

GENBIO1 REVIEWER

TENDON It connects muscles to bones.

HAVERSIAN CANAL The central part of the osteon.

GENE It refers to the portion of a DNA.

ADIPOCYTES This is also known as the fat cells.

BLOOD The only liquid connective tissue.

PROKARYOTIC CELL The type of cell WITHOUT the nucleus.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW He stated the “omnis cellula e cellula”.

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN He proposed that all plants are made of cells.

CYANOBACTERIA It refers to the bacteria which can photosynthesize.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE The type of animal tissue which connects different body organs.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE Animal tissue which is commonly found within the linings of the organs.

CHLOROPLAST This organelle enables the cell to produce sugar in the form of glucose.

PLASMA/CELL MEMBRANE It serves as the boundary of the cell which is composed of phospholipids.
CELL The term Robert Hooke used to describe his observations of “hollow vessels”.

BONE/ OSSEOUS TISSUE The type of connective tissue which is composed of hard matrix and calcium.

II. Write TRUE if the statement is correct; otherwise, identify the word/s that should replace the underlined word/s to correct the statement.

Canaliculi houses the osteocytes. LACUNAE/LACUNA

Chondrocytes refer to the cartilage cells. TRUE

Intervertebral disk is made of elastic cartilage. FIBROCARTILAGE

The skin is made of stratified cuboidal epithelium. SQUAMOUS

Tendons are examples of loose connective tissue. DENSE / DENSE FIBROUS

Stratified cuboidal cells do have a single layer of cells. SIMPLE

Smooth muscles demonstrate involuntary movements. TRUE

Osteon connects the bone cells to the Haversian canal. CANALICULI

Stratified squamous epithelium is composed of flattened cells. TRUE

Arteries are one-cell thick vessels which can diffuse molecules. CAPILLARIES

Simple squamous epithelium can be found in the urinary bladder. TRANSITIONAL

Most connective tissues are avascularized except tendons and ligaments VASCULARIZED

Bone function for transport of substances, immune response, and blood clotting. BLOOD

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found within the linings of the glands. (IT CAN BE THE FF:

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL, SIMPLE COLUMNAR, STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL, STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

Goblet cells bumpy extension of apical surface, increase surface area and absorption rate.

MICROVILLI
 Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells

31. Genetic material PRESENT PRESENT

32. Capsule PRESENT ABSENT

33. Cytoplasm PRESENT PRESENT

34. Nucleoid region PRESENT ABSENT

35. (BACTERIAL) Plasmid PRESENT ABSENT

Are viruses living or nonliving?

CONSIDERING THE CELL THEORY.

ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS -

1. Viruses are acellular, meaning they lack cellular structures and components. (they are not made of cells, they do have capsid.
2. They cannot multiply on their own and they are always in need of a host to replicate.
3. They hijack and use the genetic material of their host to produce their viral genome (complete set of genetic material.)
4. they cannot achieve stable state (cannot maintain homeostasis)
5. they don’t grow and can’t make their own energy
6. they only become living when they enter a HOST

ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
The Endosymbiotic Theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryotes) that were
ingested by large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryotes). This theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells.

ENDOSYMBIONT
An organism/cell that lives inside an organism which maintains symbiotic relationships with its host.

HEMATOPOIESIS
the formation of blood cellular components in Bone marrow

HYDROPHOBICITY
Due to hydrophobicity, the plasma membrane becomes permeable

CENTRAL VACUOLE
provides forces against the cell wall as it becomes filled with substances
GOLGI BODY / APPARATUS
when this becomes malfunctional, the delivery of different substances to different parts of the cell including its organelles will be disrupted.

HEMOPHILIA
usually an inherited bleeding disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. The patient suffering from this will experience prolonged bleeding
episodes internally or externally.

MICROTUBULE - One of the components of CYTOSKELETON

The vinblastine (used for chemotherapy) inhibits the cell division of cancerous cells by disrupting the microtubule disrupting the complete
dissociation of chromosomes during cell division.

LOOK AFTER THE SPECIFIC PARTS OF MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS

● Neuroglia or supporting cells do not conduct nerve impulses, but rather support, protect, or insulate neurons.
● There are six types of neuroglia or glial cells
○ four of them are in the central nervous system (CNS) and
○ two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).