The Cell
 Basic building blocks of our body
 Takes many shapes
 Basic unit of life
 Structural and functional
 Each structure has its own
function
 No cell, no life
 Responsible for growth and
development of our body
Cell Theory
3 Key Points
 All living things are composed of one
of more cells
 Cells are the basic unit of life
 New cells are from preexisting cells
Robert Hooke - first to discover a
dead cell
- book: Micrographia
Anton Van - first to discover that
Leeuwenhoek a cell is moving,
living cell
- bacteria, sperm
- 1670s, animalcules
- Inspired by Hooke’s
book, Micrographia
Mattias - German botanist
Schleiden who determined that
plants are composed
of cells
Theodore - First to discover a
Schwann cell in animals
- identified the cell as
the basic structure
of plant and animal
tissue
Rudolf - new cells arise from
Virchow preexisting cells
Parts of a Cell
Nucleus - the nucleus houses
the cell’s genetic
material, or DNA, and
it is also the site of
synthesis for
ribosomes
Ribosomes - the ribosomes are the
molecular machines
responsible for
protein synthesis
o the ribosomes
are located in
the
endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondria - powerhouse of the
cell, breaking down
fuel molecules and
capturing energy in
cellular respiration
Chloroplasts - found in plants and
algae
- responsible for
capturing light energy
to make sugars in
photosynthesis
Cell Wall - rigid covering the
surrounds the cell,
protecting it and
giving it support and
shape
Vacuoles - a storage place for
food, wastes, and
other substances that
cannot be used right
away
Endoplasmic - has the job of forming
reticulum a system of canals
within the cytoplasm.
It is like a train station
 You would not find a Golgi apparatus in a
bacterial cell.
Endosymbiotic Theory
- states that mitochondria and
chloroplasts, organelles found in
many types of organisms, have their
origins in bacteria.
o mitochondria and chloroplasts
are each derived from the
uptake of bacteria
o these bacteria established a
symbiotic relationship with
their host cell that eventually
led to the bacteria evolving
into mitochondria and
chloroplasts
- symbiosis
o living together, benefiting each
other
o dependent relationship with
two species
- aerobic
o oxygen using
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have
the same size
The Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments - also known as actin
filaments
- plays an important
role in cell motility
(movement)
- plays key structural
roles in cell
- maintaining the
shape of the cell
Microtubules - helps the cell resist
compression forces
Intermediate - more permanent
Filaments and play an
essential structural
role in the cell
- specialized to bear
tension
Alessandra Charmaine A. Verano 11 Chi
 The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Unique Features
- most animal cells release materials Animal Cell lysosomes and
into the extracellular space, creating a centrosomes
complex meshwork of proteins and Plant Cell cell wall, chloroplasts,
carbohydrates called the extracellular plastids, central
matrix (ECM). vacuole
o major component – protein Same Features
collagen nucleus, Golgi complex, endoplasmic
reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria,
Cell Types peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, and cell (plasma)
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA (genetic material)
 pro: before  eu: true
 karyon: kernel,  karyon: kernel,
nucleus nucleus Types of Eukaryotic Cells
 does not have a  has a nucleus and Animal Cell
true nucleus or a a membrane
membrane bound chamber
bound organelle where DNA is
but has a DNA stored
found in the
cytoplasm

Prokaryotic Cells
 The majority of prokaryotic DNA, end
text is found in a central region of the cell
called the nucleoid.
 Most bacteria are surrounded by a rigid
cell wall made out of peptidoglycan.

Eukaryotic Cells
Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have:
1. A membrane-bound nucleus, a central
cavity surrounded by membrane that
houses the cell’s genetic material.
2. A number of membrane-bound organelles,
compartments with specialized functions Plant Cell
that float in the cytosol.
3. Multiple linear chromosomes, as
opposed to the single circular
chromosome of a prokaryote.

How do they differ?

Prokaryotes DNA is circular,
usually free
Genetic
floating in
Informatio
cytoplasm
n
Eukaryotes DNA is linear,
found in nucleus
Prokaryotes No nucleus or
membrane-boun
d organelles
Eukaryotes Has nucleus &
membrane-boun
Organelles
d organelles Quizizz - Cell Types
(ie: 1. Eukaryotes is False
mitochondria, smaller than
chloroplasts, prokaryotes
Golgi Body, ER) 2. What is the The animal cell has
Prokaryotes small (1-5 difference of lysosomes and
micrometers) animal cell and centrosomes while
Size
Eukaryotes larger (10-100 plant cell? the plant cell has cell
micrometers) wall, chloroplasts,
Prokaryotes bacteria/archaea plastids, central
Organisms Eukaryotes animals, plants, vacuole
fungi, protists 3. Which of the Eukaryotic cells are
Prokaryotes always following best more structurally
unicellular this difference ? complex than
Cell
Eukaryotes can be prokaryotic cells.
structure
unicellular or 4. The organelles of No nucleus and no
multicellular prokaryotes membrane bound
has ? organelles

Alessandra Charmaine A. Verano 11 Chi

5. What is the size 1-5 micrometers Types of Tissues
of prokaryotic  every organ is made up of two or more
cell? tissues, groups of similar cells that work
6. The cell True together to perform a specific task
structure of the
prokaryotes cell
is always
unicellular
7. What is the size 10-100 micrometers
of eukaryotic
cells
8. Which of the Eukaryotes generally
following have multiple linear
statements best chromosomes, while
describes prokaryotes have a
eukaryote single-stranded
chromosomes circular chromosome.
compared to
prokaryote
chromosomes?
9. Which part of Roots
the plant
chloroplast are
not found ?
10. What Bacteria and archea Epithelial Tissue
single-celled  consists of tightly for instance, the outer
organism are packed sheets of layer of your skin is an
classified as cells that cover epithelial tissue, and
prokaryotes ? surfaces—includin so is the lining of your
g the outside of small intestine.
Tissues the body and line
Key points: body cavities
 Humans—and other complex multicellular  Epithelial cells are Apical - top, side of
organisms—have systems of organs that polarized, meaning an epithelial cell
work together, carrying out processes that they have a faces the inside of a
that keep us alive. top and a bottom cavity or the outside
 The body has levels of organization that side of a structure and is
build on each other. Cells make usually exposed to
up tissues, tissues make up organs, fluid or air
and organs make up organ systems. Basal - bottom, side
 The function of an organ system depends faces the underlying
on the integrated activity of its organs. cells
For instance, digestive system organs
cooperate to process food.
 The survival of the organism depends on
the integrated activity of all the organ
systems, often coordinated by the
endocrine and nervous systems.
Unicellular like amoebas, consist of only a
Organisms single cell
Multicellular Most cells in large
Organisms multicellular organisms don't  Epithelial cells are tightly packed, and this
directly exchange substances lets them act as barriers to the movement
like nutrients and wastes with of fluids and potentially harmful microbes
the external environment,  the cells are joined by specialized
instead, they are surrounded junctions that hold them tightly together
by an internal environment to reduce leaks
of extracellular fluid
Tissues groups of similar cells that Connective Tissue
work together on a specific  consists of the matrix is made up of
task cells protein fibers like collagen
Organs structures made up of two or suspended in and fibrin in a solid, liquid,
more tissues organized to an or jellylike ground substance
carry out a particular function extracellular
Organ groups of organs with related matrix
Systems functions  Connective tissue supports and, as the
 Homeostasis is the ability or tendency of name suggests, connects other tissues.
the body or a cell to seek and maintain a Types of Connective Tissue
condition of equilibrium. Loose  is the most common
Connective type of connective
Tissue tissue

Alessandra Charmaine A. Verano 11 Chi

  it supports organs Smooth Muscle  not striped,
and blood vessels and striated, and it's
links epithelial involuntary
tissues to the  found in the
muscles underneath walls of blood
Dense or Fibrous  is found in tendons vessels, as well
Connective and ligaments, which as in the walls of
Tissue connect muscles to the digestive
bones and bones to tract, the uterus,
each other, the urinary
respectively bladder, and
Specialized  include adipose various other
Connective tissue—body internal
Tissue fat—bone, cartilage, structures
and blood, in which
the extracellular
matrix is a liquid
called plasma

Nervous Tissue
 involved in sensing stimuli, external or
internal cues, and processing and
transmitting information
Muscle Tissue Two Main Types of (Nervous Tissue) Cells
 essential for often called muscle Neurons or  basic functional unit of
keeping the body fibers, contain the Nerve Cells the nervous system
upright, allowing proteins actin and  generates electrical
it to move, and myosin, which allow signals called
even pumping them to contract conducted nerve
blood and impulses or action
pushing food potentials that allow
through the the neurons to convey
digestive tract information very
Types of Muscle Tissue rapidly across long
Skeletal Muscle  also called distances
striated, striped Glia  mainly acts to support
muscle — muscle neuronal function
in everyday life
 attached to
bones by
tendons, and it
allows you to
consciously
control your
movements —
voluntary
 Ex. quads in your
legs or biceps
Cardiac Muscle  striated or
striped,
involuntary
 found only in the
walls of the heart
 individual fibers
are connected by
structures called
intercalated
disks, which
allow them to
contract in sync

Alessandra Charmaine A. Verano 11 Chi