LESSO

ORGANE
N
LLES
2
TODAY'S
DISCUSSION
• Major Parts of the Cell
• The Cell Organelles
Major Parts of the Cell
 THE CELL
The cell is the most basic unit of life. It is also known as the
building blocks of the living world. It is a microscopic membrane-
bound system that controls all the chemicals and molecules that
help sustain an organism's existence.

Unicellular organisms have different structures compared with

multicellular organisms. Plant cells, unlike animal cells, have a
specific constitution to carry out photosynthesis. the differences of
each reflect their uniqueness in terms of function.
 Cell membrane
the outermost part, has the role of protecting the cell and

Major its content

Parts of Cytoplasm

the Cell the middle layer where most of the activities of the cell
take place

Nucleus
serves as the brain of the cell and directs all of the cell's
activities
Cell Cell membrane is composed of
Membrane phospholipid bilayerwhich is a double
layer of fats and proteins.
The cell has a distinct membrane that encloses
and safeguards its cell parts, called organelles
, fromorganelles
possible harm that foreign materials
can inflict on them.
It controls the materials' entry and exit from the
cell; obtains chemical messages from other cells;
serves as a security of the cell, and also in various
It acts as the cell's gatekeeper and cellular movements
also controls the exchange of the
cell's essential components.
Cytoplasm The cytoplasm also contains enzymes
that break down waste and enable
metabolic reactions.

It is the area in the cell where organelles are The cytoplasm determines cell shape
located. It is composed primarily of water, and accomodates movement for some
proteins, and salts. cell types.

The organelles are suspended in a gel-like

solution called cytosol which is composed
of both organic and inorganic compounds.

It accommodates essential activities

that allows for cellular expansion
and growth.
 The nucleus is enclosed in a double layer of

Nucleus nuclear membrane to keep it distinct from

other cellular components.

It was discovered by Robert Brown Inside the nucleus is the nucleolu

in 1833. The nucleus is the most vital which serves as the site of ribosome
s
part of the cell. synthesis. It also holds the chromosome
which carry DNA. s

It is dubbed as the "control center" of the

cell. The nucleus directs all of the cell's
activities and determines how a cell should
appear and function.
The Cell Organelles
Endomembrane System
It consists of a network of
structures involved in many
functions, such as ensuring
the adaptation, wrapping, and
transfer of proteins across the
cell.

It also functions as a
depository of nutrients and as
a disintegrator of organisms
that are harmful to the living
system.

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports molecules across
the cytoplasm and is capable
of assembling new lipids for
export to other cell
membranes.
The ER is composed of a network
of interlinked internal membranes
and the cisternae
an extensive network of closed,
flattened membrane-bounded sacs
stacked together

The name was coined by

Keith R. in 1953,
and its roles were revealed by
Porter
George Emil
in the 1960s.

Palade
 Rough or granular ER

2 Types of The primary functions of the rough ER are synthesizing

and modifying of proteins. Its rough appearance is

Endoplasmic because of the ribosomes attached to it.

Reticulum Smooth or agranular ER

Smooth ER incorporates proteins into the cisternae and

transports synthesized proteins across the cytoplasm.
Ribosomes Vacuoles
A fluid-filled vesicle enclosed
Ribosomes are involved in by a membrane. It has a
providing a frame for protein selective membrane freely
synthesis; sites of protein allowing water passage but Vacuoles in animal cell
production. retaining smaller molecules function in exocytosis and
within it. endocytosis

In prokaryotic cells, they wander

Vacuoles in plant cells are bigger
freely in the cytoplasm.
than those in animal cells. It usually They have the ability to
occupies majority of the plant cell's break down large
In eukaryotic cells, they may be found
volume. This is used by the plant molecules which makes
either wandering freely in the
cell to store water and waste it comparable to
cytoplasm or remain attached to the
products lysosomes.
rough ER.
 Lysosomes Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes, like
Autophagy lysosomes, are ROS molecules are by-
is the natural process of likewise responsible products of normal cellular
Lysosomes serve as digestion
organelle or cell for self-damage. metabolism. These
slots. It is the cell's
destruction molecules cause
reprocessing area. They mostly
disintegrate proteins oxidative stress in
and accommodate the the cell. They react with the
Lysosomes are also dubbed as breakdown of fatty DNA and lipid-based
"suicide as they are acids. molecules which eventually
capable of self-destruction to save
bags" It also shields the cell damage them.
the rest of the other organelles
from serious damage
from being poisoned.
caused by reactive
oxygen species
(ROS)molecules.
 Golgi apparatus
functions as the
Golgi Apparatus manufacturer and the
shipping center of the
Described by cell.
Italian biologist
Camilo Golgi
in 1898. It modifies, sorts, and
packages macromolecules
Golgi bodies were observed synthesized by the cell.
as stacks of flat framework
which held several sacs of
secretory granules.
Specific molecules have
specific destination upon
entry in the Golgi complex.
 Centrosomes are comprised of two centrioles or cylindrical
Centrosomes structures with a central cavity surrounded by microtubules
arranged side by side. These structures take part in the
assembly of spindle fibers at cell division and contribute to
Centrosomes are found in all
the successful outcome of mitosis.
eukaryotic cells. They assist
in arranging microtubules to
be utilized during cell
division.

They enable microtubules to

form part of the cell's
cytoskeleton. In this way, the
cellular shape is maintained
and the cell structure is
stabilized
Mitochondria A mitochondrial membrane is further subdivided into
three parts:
It is structurally smooth and • Outer Mitochondrial Membrane (OMM)
its external membrane is • Intermembrane Space (IMS)
freely permeable to ATP and • Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (IMM)
Known as the "animal cell's ADP molecules, nutrients, They complete the process of cellular respiration.
powerhouse". Its chief role isand ions. Each part is composed of equal amounts of
to produce energy through phospholipids and proteins.
cellular respiration.

It is also responsible for the

production of
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
the cell's currency.
Chloroplast Chloroplasts are best known for
Chloroplasts also serve as
housing chlorophyll
the site of cellular
the pigment that causes the
An organelle found only in respiration for plants
green color of plants
plants and photosynthetic
protists. It serves as the site
of energy conversion in plant
cells.

Chloroplasts are enclosed in

envelopes, composed of double
membrane with outer and inner
layers. Between these layers is a
gap called
intermembrane space