Chapter 3 Cell Structure

Cell is the basic unit of biological organization of the human

body.

Protoplasm aqueous colloidal solution predominantly water with

organic compound in a colloidal suspension and inorganic
compounds in solution.

Organelles the building blocks of structure within the protoplasm

Eukaryotic cells higher cells like those of human body/ human cells

Prokaryotic cells cells that do not have the membrane-bound organelles

Nucleoplasm protoplasm inside the nucleus

Cytoplasm protoplasm outside the nucleus

Microns/ Micrometers term use measure the cells; 1 micrometer = one-

thousandth millimeter

Robert Hooke English scientist who first described cell in 1665.

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek Dutch naturalist that observed living cells in a pond. He
called the tiny organisms animalcules.

Matthias Schleiden German botanist, stated that all plants are composed of
individual units called cells in 1838.

Theodor Schwann German zoologist, stated that all animals are also
composed of individual units called cells in 1839.

4 principles of modern cell theory
1. Cells are the smallest complete living thing. They are the
basic units of organization of all organism.
2. All organisms are composed of one or more cells in
which all life processes occur.
3. Cell arise only in pre-existing cells through the process
of cell division.
4. All of today’s existing cells are descendants of the first
cells formed early in the evolutionary history of life on
earth.
Parts of a typical Eukaryotic cell Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Nuclear Membrane,
Nucleoplasm, Chromatin, Nucleolus, Mitochondria,
Lysosome, Golgi Apparatus, Endoplasmic Reticulum
(smooth & rough), Ribosome

Cell Membrane composed of double phospholipid layer with embedded

proteins. Often called plasma membrane/ plasmalemma

The proteins embedded in the phospholipid layer allow for passage of molecules and ions
across the cell membrane. Some proteins are receptor site, transport channels, some
proteins acts as enzymes, some acts as cell identity maker. some proteins acts a cementing
materials for cell adhesion on the outside of the cell to hold cells together and others acts as
structural supports inside the cell attaching to cytoskeleton structures that holds organelles in
the cytoplasm.

Cytoplasm protoplasm/ liquid portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Polar a molecule with unequal electron distribution of bonding

electrons

Nonpolar compounds with unpolarized bonds and do not dissolve

readily in water. Ex: protein, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic
acid suspended in the watery medium of cytoplasm

Vacuoles contains stored food (food vacuole) and waste product of

the cell (waste vacuole)

Nucleus control center of the cell

Nucleoplasm fluid medium of the Nucleus and consists of a colloidal

suspensions of proteins, Nucleic acid DNA RNA, Enzymes

**where chemical reactions occur that are essentials to

cellular functions and survival

Chromatin stained, fine dark threads appear in the nucleus and is the
genetic material of the cell

Nucleolus spherical particle within nucleoplasm that doesn’t have a

covering membrane around it.
**site of ribosomal synthesis

Mitochondria powerhouse of the cell

Cristae folds of the inner membrane in the mitochondria
**where cell respiration occurs

Lysosomes powerful digestive enzymes to enhance the breakdown of

cellular components
**function with food vacuoles to digest stored food to be
converted to ATP
**repair and maintain of cellular organelles
**act as suicide agent to old and weakened cell----- this
process called autolysis

Endoplasmic Reticulum complex system of membranes that makes up a collection

of membrane-bound cavities or channels called Cisternae

Rough or Granular ER site of protein synthesis (w/ attached Ribosomes)

**may also involved in the collection of digestive enzymes
to form lysosomes

Agranular or Smooth ER transportation of fats and synthesis of sex hormones

(doesn’t have Ribosomes)

Golgi Apparatus consist of an assembly of flat sac-like cisternae that

resemble a stack of saucers/ pancakes
**where compounds to be secreted by the cell are
concentrated and collected, acts like a storage warehouse
of the cell
**also synthesizes carbohydrates

Ribosomes site of protein synthesis

Centrioles found only in certain animal cells at right angle to each

other near the nuclear membrane

Centrosome two centriole paired together

Composed of nine set of triplet fibers (microtubles)

Microtubules long hollow cylinders made of protein called tubulin

Redistribute the duplicated chromosomes during cell
division into appropriate new daughter cells

Cilia short hairlike protrusions. Like respiratory tract cells,

which move the mucus dust to our throat
Flagella/ Flagellum long hairlike protrusions. Like the sperm cell, will propel
the sperm through a medium

Chloroplasts large organelles found mainly in plant cells which contain

green pigment called Chlorophyll
**Where the site of photosynthesis occurs

Xanthophyll produces yellow color like the skin of banana

Carotene red-orange color (tomato and carrots)

Leucoplast no pigment/color (onion, potato)

Where starch and sugar is stored

Cellulose material on our diet, we call fiber

Complex carbohydrate