The Cell the cytoplasm.

Protists, plants, fungi, and

animals have eukaryotic cells.

The cell (from Latin word cella, meaning "small room") is

the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all
known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life
that can replicate independently, and cells are often
called the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is
called cell biology.

CELL THEORY

In 1838, the German botanist, Matthias Schleiden,

discovered that all plants are composed of cells and a
year later, German zoologist, Theodor Schwann,
discovered that all animals are also made up of cells.
Several years after the discovery of Schleiden and
Schwann, in 1855, Rudolf Virchow, a German physician,
discovered that cells came from pre-existing cells after
he worked on how diseases affect living organisms.
STRUCTURES OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
THREE TENETS OF CELL THEORY
 Capsule – a sticky outer layer that provides
1. All living organisms are made up of one or more cells; protection
 Cell wall – a structure that confers rigidity and
2. Cells comprise the smallest functional unit of life; and shape to the cell
 Plasma membrane – a structure that serves as a
3. Cells come only from pre-existing cells. permeability barrier
 Plasmid – a genetic material
BASIC CELL TYPE
 Nucleoid – a DNA-containing region within the
All living things have cells that share fundamental cytoplasm
structural parts, which include:  Cytoplasm – the region where chromosomes
(DNA), ribosomes, and various inclusions are
 An outer boundary called the cell membrane or found
plasma membrane that regulates the passage of  Ribosome – the site where protein is
materials into and out of the cell; synthesized
 A gel-like substance making up the cell’s internal  Pilus (plural, pili) – a hair-like appendage that
environment called cytoplasm; and functions in adhesion
 A central genetic region, nucleus, containing the  Flagellum – facilitates movement of bacteria
genetic material in the form of DNA that provides
instructions to make proteins, regulates
activities, and enables cells to reproduce.

TWO TYPES OF CELL

STRUCTURES OF EUKARYOTIC CELL
• Prokaryotic cells lack nuclear envelope and
other membrane-bound organelles, they do not  Cell membrane
have nucleus. An example of this is bacteria cell.  Cell wall
 Cytoplasm
• Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and have
very distinct nuclei that are clearly surrounded  Endoplasmic reticulum
by nuclear membranes. They also have  Golgi apparatus or body
numerous membrane bound organelles found in  Mitochondrion
  Lysosomes protein is synthesized ) on its membrane surface, giving
 Ribosomes it a “rough” appearance. The RER plays a role in the
 Centrioles production of protein.
 Nucleus
 Microtubules
 Microfilaments

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane, sometime called the plasma

membrane, separates the cell from its external
environment. It is the outermost covering of animal cells
while that of plant cells is called cell wall. It functions as
a selectively permeable membrane that regulates the
entrance and exit of substances into the cell. It provides Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
shape and flexibility to the cell.
The SER is more tubular and non-granular structure due
to the absence of ribosomes. It playa a role in the
manufacture and metabolism of lipids. It also plays a role
in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in endocrine
cells.

Cytoplasm

All the materials in the cell that surround the nucleus

make up the cytoplasm. It is the ground substance and
the biggest part of the cell where organelles and cellular
inclusions are found.

Golgi Apparatus

Is composed of sets of cisternae and numerous vesicles

filled with fluid and suspended substances. It is
responsible for the processing, packaging, and sorting of
secretory materials for use within and outside the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Is a network of intercommunicating channels in the

cytoplasm. It is composed of membrane-enclosed sacs
and tubules.

Two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

This is more common type of ER, described as such due

to the presence of ribosomes ( the structures where Mitochondrion
Is sometimes refer to as the powerhouse of the cell. It
contains enzymes that help in the chemical oxidation of
food molecules and produces energy in the form of ATP.
It varies in size, shape and number depending on the
degree of cellular activity. The most prominent parts of
this are the crista(plural, cristae) and the matrix.
Crista and Matrix
The centriole has a central role in cell division where it
participates in the formation of the mitotic spindle. It is
usually adjacent (close or near) to the nucleus. Its wall is
composed of nine groups of parallel subunits arranged in
a longitudinal fashion. Each of nine groups consists of
three microtubules aligned and fused together so that
they appear as 3 circles in a row.

 The cristae are numerous folds of the inner

membrane.
 The matrix is the space inside the inner
membrane.

* Take note that mitochondria have their own DNA,

which means that the new mitochondria arise only when
existing ones divide.

Microtubules

Are long, slender, protein tubes. Together with the

microfilaments, they form the cytoskeleton of the cell.
They are composed of linear polymers of tubulin.

Lysosomes

Are small, spherical, membrane-bound organelles which

contain a number enzymes for intracellular digestion. A
lysosome is bounded by a single-layered membrane. It
contains around 40 kinds of enzymes that help digest
food, diseases-causing bacteria engulfed by white blood
cells, and worn out and broken parts of cell.
Microfilaments

Support the cell to maintain its structure and shape as it

provides resiliency against forces that can alter the
shape.

Ribosomes Nucleus

Are the most numerous of all cytoplasmic structures.
They are spherical in structure. They are the sites where
proteins are made.
Is found in most eukaryotic cells. It is the site where
nuclei acids are synthesized and therefore, directs all the
activities of the cell. The nucleus also serves as the site
for the storage of hereditary factors. It is the source of
ribonucleic acid (RNA) , a molecule responsible for the
various cellular functions such as genetic coding and
expression.

Centrioles
Vacuoles

Are larger and more centrally located in plant cells than

animal cells. Vacuoles store enzymes and waste
products.