GENERAL BIOLOGY- 1

CELL THEORYCE\

Contributors to Cell Theory

Contributors to Cell Theory

Postulates of Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells.

2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. Cells comes from pre-existing cells

Organization of Cell
 Additional Ideas in the Modern Cell Theory
in the Modern
1. Energy flows happen within cells.
2. Heredity information contained in DNA is passed from cell to cell.
3. All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

What about the virus? Is it an organism?

> A virus is a strand of DNA or RNA with
a protective shell made from protein.

> On a biological level, the main difference is

that bacteria are free-living cells that can live inside
or outside a body, while viruses are a non-living
collection of molecules that need a host to survive

TYPES OF CELLS BASED ON

STRUCTURE OF NUCLEUS

Prokaryotic cell (before nucleus) - a cell that does not contain a membrane-bound nucleus.

Eukaryotic cell (true nucleus) - a cell that contains a nucleus bound by a membrane.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF MAJOR SUBCELLULAR
ORGANELLES
 CELL MEMBRANE
 Made from proteins and lipids, controls the movement of materials in
and out of cells, maintains the structural integrity of the cell.

CENTROSOME
 Helps distribute chromosomes to daughter cells during cell
production, and initiates formation of cilia.

CHROMATIN
 Made from protein and DNA molecules, contains genetic
formation of protein synthesis.

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

 Hairlike appendages attached to basal bodies beneath cell membrane. Move fluids over cellular surface
and enable certain cells to move.

CYTOPLASM
 semifluid substance that constitutes the main body of the cell, it
contains many subcellular organelles (little organs. Many chemical
and cellular processes take place I the cytoplasm.
 A
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 A network of interconnected sacs and
canals, transports materials within cells. It is the site for protein
synthesis.

GOLGI BODY
 Flattened sacs, they package protein molecules
for secretion, it is the origin of lysosomes.

LYSOSOME
 Membranous sacs, they contain
enzymes that assist in the
digestion of substances in the
cell.

MICROFILAMENTS, MICROTUBULES
 Give support to the cytoplasm, they
serve as the cytoskeleton, they also help
move materials in the cell.

MITOCHONDRIA
 A membranous sac with many internal
compartments, it generates the cell's
supply of energy. It is the powerhouse
eukaryotic cells.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
 A porous double nuclear membrane which
separates the contents of the nucleus from the
cytoplasm. It maintains the wholeness of the
nucleus and controls the exchange of materials
between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

NUCLEOLUS
 A dense small body in the nucleus that contains protein and
RNA. Involved in the production of ribosomes.

NUCLEUS
 Large membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic
material in the form of DNA molecules which are organized
into structures called chromosomes. It is the "central
government of the cell".
RIBOSOME
 Particles composed of protein and RNA. It serves

as the site for the protein synthesis.

VESICLES
 Membranous sacs, temporary
storage for food and enzymes,
involved in metabolism, transport
and buoyancy control.

PLANT CELL
   

Parenchyma Cells

- are thin-walled cells that make up the inside tissues on non-woody parts of plants found in stems, roots, and
leaves.

-They are considered the typical plant cell because they are not specialized in their function.
 Cross Section Of A Flax Stem

VASCULAR TISSUES

 The primary tissues of plants

responsible for the transport of
nutrients and water. They are
only found in vascular plants
(tracheophytes) because they
have lignified tissues throughout
the plant which allow the
transport of substances.

Xylem – tissue in vascular plants that provide support to plant structure and conduct water and nutrients
upward from the roots. Composed of cells called tracheid and vessel elements.

Phloem – tissue in plants that transports food to the

parts of the plant that need it. Composed of
cells called sieve elements.

CELLS THAT COMPOSE

XYLEM
 Tracheid – Long,
narrow cells whose ends overlap. They have small holes between their ends to allow water to move
vertically between plants. They also have small
holes called pits which allow the lateral
movement of water.
 Vessel elements – Shorter but wider cells, they
are stacked on top of each other. Water passes
through their cell walls.

DERMAL TISSUES
Dermis – Commonly referred to as the bark, it is a
multi-layered dermal tissue composed of cork cells
(phellem), phelloderm, and cork cambium

(phellogen).

Epidermis – A single layer of tightly packed cells that covers and protects the plant.

ANIMAL CELL

ANIMAL TISSUES
 EPITHELIAL TISSUE

 It covers body surfaces and

lines body cavities; some
epithelial cells secrete glands.
 They serve as a barrier to keep the
body systems separate.
 Types of epithelial tissues based on
structure:
 Simple epithelial tissue
 Compound epithelial tissue

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

BASED ON SHAPE AND
FUNCTION
Squamous Epithelium
Columnar epithelium

Squamous epithelium – Flat and thin cells with no

intercellular spaces between cells. Found in the outer
layer of the skin, in the lining of cavities, blood
vessels, and in the chambers of the heart.

Columnar epithelium – Cylindrical in shape, it facilitate the movement of nutrients across epithelial
barrier. Found in the lining of stomach and intestines.

Glandular
epithelium – It
forms from a
columnar
epithelial cell, it
secrets
substances. Found in in the sweat glands of the skin and tear glands of the eye.

Ciliated epithelium – A columnar cell with hair-like projections called cilia. Cilia push the mucus forward into
the nasal tract to clear it. Found in the lining of the respiratory tract.
 Cuboidal epithelium – Cube-like in shape, it provides mechanical support to organs. Found in the lining
of kidney tubules, salivary glands, and thyroid glands

Stratified epithelium – Forms layers of epithelial cells, composed of one or different types of epithelial cells. Fo
epidermis of the skin,
lining of the mouth cavity,
and esophagus.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 It is a network of cells that connects and
binds
different tissues and organs of the body.

 Tissue that supports, protects, and gives

structure to other tissues and organs in the body. Connective
tissue also stores fat, helps move nutrients and other substances
between tissues and organs, and helps repair damaged tissue.
Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like
substance.
Types of Connective Tissues
1. Blood

–A fluid connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white

blood cells, and platelets. It flows through blood vessels carrying oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and antibodies to different
parts of the body.
- Found in blood vessels.
 2. Bone 
- Bone cells are embedded in a matrix composed of calcium
and phosphorous compounds. They are hard and porous.
They anchor muscle tissues, protect internal organs, and
give mechanical support to the entire body.
- Found in bones

3. Fibrous connective tissues (ligaments and tendons 

– Ligaments connect two bones. Tendons connect bones to
the muscles. They add strength to muscles.
- Found in ligaments and tendons

4. Cartilage 
– Widely spaced cells suspended in a matrix of

protein and sugars. Adds mechanical support and flexibility.

- Found in nose, ears, trachea, and at the end of long bones
for flexibility.

5. Areolar connective tissue 

– Cells that fill the space inside organs and give them mechanical support.
- Found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves.

6. Adipose connective tissues 

– Filled with fat globules, they act as an insulator.
- Found below the skin, around internal organs.

MUSCLE TISSUE

 Long cylindrical fibers arranged in parallel arrays which allows the parts of the body move.
 They have elongated cells called muscle fibers.
 Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce
movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels.

NERVOUS TISSUE
 Receives, processes, and transmits information from
one part of the body to another.
 The two cells that make up the nervous tissue are
the neurons and glial cells, also called neuroglia.
 Nervous tissues form the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Cells that make up the Nerve Tissue

Neuron – a nerve cell which is the building block

of the nervous system. It specializes in receiving,
processing, and transmitting information
throughout the body

Glial cell (neuroglia) - Surrounds neurons and

holds them in place, supplies nutrients and
oxygen to neurons, insulates one neuron from
another, destroys pathogens and dead neurons.

Structure of a Neuron

  Dendrites – branchlike structure of a nerve

cell that receives stimulation.

 Axon - a slender projection of a nerve cell that conducts electrical

impulses away from neuron's cell body.

 Soma - the cell body of a neuron.

CELL DIFFERENTIATION:

Some specialized cells in plants

Guard cells – found in leaves, they surround and control the opening and closure of the stoma in response to
changes in temperature and scarcity of water. Guard cells come in pairs.

Root hairs – found Parts of the dermal tissue of roots. They add to the surface area of roots and increase their
absorptive capacity.

Tracheid Palisade cells (leaf cells)

-serve for support and for upward conduction - cells designed for photosynthesis.
of water and dissolved minerals in all vascular plants
and are the only such elements in conifers and ferns.