Biochem Lecture Module 4 Activity

CELL AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

I. THE CELL AND ORGANELLES
A. Identification
1. Ovum The largest cell in the body and can be seen with
the naked eye
2. Robert Hooke English scientist who invented the microscope
3. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek The scientist who first saw and described a living
cell
4. Cell This term means a small room or compartment
5. Organelles Refers to the internal structures of a cell
6. Prokaryotic Cells Single-celled organisms under Monera and
Archaea
7. Eukaryotic Cells Multicellular with membrane-bound organelles
8. There are around 1013(ten trillion) to 1014 The number of cells in the human body
(hundred trillion) cells of around 300 different
cell types.
9. Ranging from 10–100 µm The size range of a plant or animal cell
10. Neurons are long and thin while Blood cells Shape of neurons and blood cells, respectively
are rounded disks
B. Matching Type. Choose your answer from Table 2 for the following organelles listed below.
1. Cytoplasm It consists of a jelly-like substance where all the other parts of the cell
are located but contains all the enzymes needed for all metabolic
reactions.
2. Lysosome It contains powerful enzymes that digest food particles in the cell.
3. Centrioles An organelle found only in animal cells that functions during cell
division.
4. Ribosome An organelle involved in the manufacturing of protein.
5. Cell/Plasma membrane It allows the outward and inward movement of molecules across it. It is
composed of phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol.
6. Chloroplast A green pigment-containing organelle found only in plant cells.
7. Endoplasmic reticulum A system of membranous tubules and sacs allowing molecules to move
from one part of the cell to another.
8. Mitochondrion It converts energy in food to a usable form to the cell. It is a
semi-autonomous organelle and has its own DNA.
9. Nucleus It contains the hereditary material of eukaryotes and is not present in
red blood cells.
10. Golgi bodies Organelles that sort, modify, package and distribute cell products to
where they are needed.
11. Cell wall It is chiefly composed of cellulose and murein in most bacteria which
gives rigidity, mechanical support and protection to the cell.
12. Cytoskeleton It is a scaffolding of proteins that transport materials, position and
move organelles, maintain and change cell shape.
13. Vacuole It is the food compartment of the cell; larger in plant cells and smaller
in animal cells.
14. Lysosomes They are recycling centers and suicidal bags of the cell; also concerned
with intracellular digestion.
15. Pili Small protrusions outside the membrane which aid prokaryotes in
attaching to surfaces.
 16. Cristae Long folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion which greatly
increase the surface area of the inner membrane, providing more space
for ATP synthesis to occur.
17. Peroxisomes It is used for removing reactive compounds from the cytoplasm and
creates H2O2 as a by-product.
18. Plasmid Small loops of DNA, used to exchange DNA between bacterial cells;
often contain genes gives resistance to antibiotics.
19. Mesosome A tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the
membrane-bound proteins required for respiration and photosynthesis.
20. Flagellum A rigid rotating helical-shaped tail used for propulsion.
Table 2
An organelle involved in the manufacturing of protein.
An organelle found only in animal cells that functions during cell division.
A green pigment-containing organelle found only in plant cells.
It consist of a jelly-like substance where all the other parts of the cell are located but contains all the
enzymes needed for all metabolic reactions.
It allows the outward and inward movement of molecules across it. It is composed of phospholipids,
proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol.
Organelles that sort, modify, package and distribute cell products to where they are needed.
It contains powerful enzymes that digest food particles in the cell.
It converts energy in food to a usable form to the cell. It is a semi-autonomous organelle and has its
own DNA.
It contains the hereditary material of eukaryotes and is not present in red blood cells.
A dark region involved in making ribosomes and translating mRNA in the nucleus of the cell.
A system of membranous tubules and sacs allowing molecules to move from one part of the cell to
another.
It is chiefly composed of cellulose and murein in most bacteria which gives rigidity, mechanical
support and protection to the cell.
It is a scaffolding of proteins that transport materials, position and move organelles, maintain and
change cell shape.
It is used for removing reactive compounds from the cytoplasm and creates H2O2 as a by-product.
They are recycling centers and suicidal bags of the cell; also concerned with intracellular digestion.
Small loops of DNA, used to exchange DNA between bacterial cells; often contain genes gives
resistance to antibiotics.
It is the food compartment of the cell; larger in plant cells and smaller in animal cells.
A rigid rotating helical-shaped tail used for propulsion.
A tightly folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane-bound proteins required
for respiration and photosynthesis.
Small protrusions outside the membrane which aid prokaryotes in attaching to surfaces.
Long folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion which greatly increase the surface area of
the inner membrane, providing more space for ATP synthesis to occur.
II. CELL COMPARISON
C. Multiple choice. Underline and phrase that corresponds to the best answer among the choices given.
For Nos. 1-10 refer to the diagram below.
1. Which of the following is a justification for considering Diagram 1 as a plant cell?
a. Presence of mitochondrion c. Presence of vacuole
b. Presence of cell wall d. Presence of plasma membrane
2. The structure labeled A is present in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure is
a. Ribosomes c. Cell membrane
b. Cell wall d. Endoplasmic reticulum
3. The organelle labeled F is responsible for life in this planet and animal cells lack this organelle. The
organelle is
a. Mitochondrion c. Nucleus
b. Ribosomes d. Chloroplast
4. This is the physical basis of life where all organelles are present. The site labeled C is
a. Cytoplasm c. Mitochondrion
b. Nucleus d. Lysosomes
5. The structure labeled E is called “CPU of the cell” where the genetic material resides. It is the
a. Mitochondrion c. Chloroplast
b. Nucleus d. Golgi apparatus
6. The structure labeled G give rise to spindle fibers and exclusively seen in animal cell. The structure
is called
a. Glyoxosome c. Centriole
b. Cytoskeleton d. Plasmid
7. The organelle H is the “powerhouse of the cell” in all eukaryotes where ATP is synthesized. The
organelle is
a. Cell membrane c. Vacuole
b. Mitochondrion d. Golgi apparatus
8. It is the site of synthesis of secretory proteins. The organelle labelled I is
a. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum c. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
b. Ribosomes d. Golgi apparatus
9. It is the site of lipid biosynthesis and drug detoxification. The organelle labeled J is
a. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum c. Golgi apparatus
b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum d. Mitochondrion
10. Unlike animal cells, plant cells possess cell wall and large vacuole. In the diagram, it is labeled as
a. A and D respectively c. B and C respectively
b. B and D respectively d. C and D respectively
11. Which type of cell has a nucleus?
 A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Bacteria
12. Which type of cell does not contain membrane-bound organelles?
A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Virus
13. In a prokaryotic cell, the DNA is ...
A. Contained in Nucleus B. Free Floating C. Circular
14. Which type of cell has ribosomes?
A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Both Prokaryote & Eukaryote
15. Which type of cell is considered to be the largest and most complex cell type?
A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Both are the same size and complexity
16. Which type of cell is always a single celled organism?
A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Neither is single celled
17. The DNA of a eukaryotic cell can be found in the ...
A. Nucleoid region B. Mitochondria C. Nucleus
18. Which type of cell contains a cell membrane?
A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Both cell types
19. Underline all of the following statements that would be considered similarities between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells.
A. Both have a nucleus B. Both are large and complex C. Both have cell membranes
D. Both have Ribosomes E. Both have DNA F. Both have a need for producing/using energy
G. Both have many membrane-bound organelles inside of them
20. Which cell types have/can have cell walls?
A. Prokaryote B. Eukaryote C. Both Prokaryote & Eukaryote

III. CELL MEMBRANE

D. Identify the Labeled parts of the Cell Membrane in the diagram below.

A. Channel Protein D. Peripheral Protein

B. Phospholipid E. Cholesterol
C. Carrier Protein F. Glycoprotein
 E. Multiple choice. Underline and phrase that corresponds to the best answer among the choices given.
1. What term refers to a property of fatty acid chains of a phospholipid?
A. Hydrophobic B. Amphiphatic C. Hydrophilic
2. Which of the following is the term describing a protein attached to the surface of the membrane?
A. Transmembrane protein B. Cytoplasmic protein C. Peripheral protein
3. Which of the following helps maintain the structure of a cell membrane?
A. Hydrophobic interactions with phosphate heads
B. Hydrophobic interactions between fatty acid chains
C. Hydrogen bonding between water and cholesterol
4. Which part of the plasma membrane is responsible for preventing the free movement of ions into
and out of the cell?
A. Phospholipid bilayer B. Cholesterol C. Channel proteins
5. A membrane protein could have which of the following functions?
A. Energy storage B. Enzymatic action C. Oxygen uptake
6. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, which means...
A. All materials can enter and leave the cell
B. Certain things can enter while others cannot
C. The cell manually sorts through all materials
7. Which of the following is NOT part of a cell membrane?
A. Carbohydrates B. Proteins C. Nucleic acids
8. When looking at the cell membrane, where are the lipid tails located?
A. Outer part of the bilayer B. Inner part of the bilayer C. At the end of the bilayer
9. Which of the following is responsible for getting complex (large) molecules across the cell
membrane?
A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Carbohydrates

IV. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

F. Complete the tables below
Passive
Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis
Transport
Passive transport A random movement Same with diffusion Diffusion of water
is defined as the of particles by which (passive movement of across a
movement of a there is a net flow of molecules across the semipermeable
solute from a matter from a region cell membrane), but membrane.
region of high of high concentration needs proteins to
electrochemical to a region of low actually move the
Describe potential on one concentration. material across.
side of the cell
membrane to a
region of lower
electrochemical
potential on the
opposite side.
Passive transport Simple diffusion does Facilitated diffusion No they do not
is a naturally not require energy. does not require high require ATP. This
Require occurring Simple diffusion can energy molecules such transport occurs due
ATP phenomenon only move material in as ATP. This type of to the concentration
Energy and does not the direction of a diffusion uses channel gradient.
require the cell concentration proteins and carrier
to expend gradient. proteins to transport
 energy to molecules across the
accomplish the plasma membrane.
movement. Facilitated diffusion
involves the movement
of molecules from
areas of higher
concentration to areas
of lower concentration.
Diffusion, Diffusion of oxygen Glucose transport Hypertonic,
Facilitated and carbon dioxide, Hypotonic, Isotonic
Example
Diffusion, osmosis
Osmosis

Active Transport Endocytosis Exocytosis

Movement of A process where the A process of secreting
molecules from a membrane engulf molecules substances from within the cell
region of lower into the cell. The substances into the extracellular space.
concentration to a that are internalized can be
region of higher fluids, electrolytes, proteins,
Describe concentration and other macromolecules.
against a gradient
with the use of
external energy.

Active transport Direct use of ATP acts as a Exocytosis expels substances

uses energy in the fuel to transport molecules out to extracellular space and
form of ATP to such as macromolecules. uses energy as a requirement.
Require
move molecules Endocytosis is known to be
ATP
against a dependent on ATP.
Energy
concentration or
electrochemical
gradient.
Proteins and ATP, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Constitutive Exocytosis,
Endocytosis, Receptor Mediated Regulated Exocytosis, Lysosome
Example
Exocytosis. Endocytosis Mediated Exocytosis

G. Multiple choice. Underline and phrase that corresponds to the best answer among the choices given.
1. The figure below shows a beaker filled with water and a solute. The beaker has membrane down
the center, which is permeable only to water.

A. Nothing, the water levels are already equal.

B. Water will flow into side A.
C. Water will flow into side B.
2. The diagram shows three plant cells and the solute concentrations of their cell solutions.

A. From three to one

B. From one to two
C. From one to three

3. What may happen to red blood cells placed in distilled (pure) water?
A. They may burst B. They may become turgid C. They may shrink
4. The diagram shows a cube of potato, (P), in a beaker containing a solution with a very high sugar
concentration (R)

A. It will have gained mass

B. It will have remained the same mass
C. It will have lost mass

5. What type of membrane transports is shown in the figure below.

A. I – Osmosis, II –Diffusion, III – Passive transport

B. I – Diffusion, II – Facilitated Diffusion, III – Active Transport
C. I – Facilitated Diffusion, II – Osmosis, III – Endocytosis

6. Which of the following describes a facilitated diffusion?

A. The passive movement of a particle across a cell membrane via a channel protein
B. The movement of a particle down a concentration gradient helped by active pumping
C. The passive movement of a particle through the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane
7. Starch turns a blue-black color in the presence of iodine. Julian decides to use this information to
test the permeability of some dialysis tubing. Julian fills the tubing with a starch solution and places
it in a beaker of iodine and water. After two hours, the starch solution in the dialysis tubing turns
blue-black. The iodine solution remains the same color (it doesn't change colors). What do Julian's
results show about the permeability of the tubing?
A. The dialysis tubing is permeable to both starch and iodine.
B. The dialysis tubing is permeable to iodine but not to starch.
C. The dialysis tubing is permeable to starch but not to iodine.
8. Which of the following is true regarding the proteins involved in facilitated diffusion?
A. Channel and carrier proteins transport materials at different rates.
B. Channel and carrier proteins allow molecules to diffuse passively against their concentration
gradients.
C. Ions such as sodium, potassium, and calcium can move across the membrane through the use
of channel proteins.

9. Which of the following statements is true regarding the energy source used in primary vs.
secondary active transport?
A. Primary active transport uses an electrochemical gradient, while secondary active transport
uses chemical energy such as ATP.
B. Primary active transport uses chemical energy such as ATP, while secondary active transport
uses an electrochemical gradient.
C. Both primary and secondary active transport use chemical energy like ATP.
10. Which of the following describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
A. Potassium cannot attach to the pump until the sodium ions detach from the pump.
B. The sodium-potassium pump process begins when potassium attaches to the pump which
hydrolyzes ATP.
C. Sodium and potassium ions bind to the pump at the same time, and then the sodium is
released.
11. Which of the following is an example of active transport?
A. Water moving out of the small intestine
B. Oxygen exchanging between red blood cells and liver cells
C. Sodium being reabsorbed in the kidney
12. What membrane transport is shown in Figure 1 and 2 below?
 Figure 1 Figure 2
A. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
B. Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
C. C. Diffusion and Osmosis
13. There are several forms of endocytosis, such as phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Which of the
following describes a difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
A. Pinocytosis is the intake of large particles or other cells, while phagocytosis is the intake of small
amounts of liquid.
B. Pinocytosis is the transport of particles out of a cell, while phagocytosis is the transport of
particles into a cell.
C. Phagocytosis is the intake of large particles or other cells, while pinocytosis is the intake of small
amounts of liquid.
14. Which of the following are examples of exocytosis?
A. The release of antibodies from a white blood cell
B. A macrophage engulfing a pathogen to destroy it
C. The absorption of water by a red blood cell
15. Amoeba proteus is a species of amoeba that gets its energy by engulfing small, unicellular
organisms with its membrane. It then digests these organisms using internal vesicles. What is the
name of the process used by Amoeba proteus to get its energy?
A. Pinocytosis B. Apoptosis C. Phagocytosis