CELL

– basic unit of life o Channels – multipass proteins forming transmembrane

PROTOPLASM – living components of cell pores through which ions or small molecules pass
selectively
PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES o Carriers – transmembrane proteins that binds small
NUCLEAR BODY Nucleoid Nucleus molecules and translocate them across the membrane
via conformational changes
CELL DIVISION Binary Fission Mitosis and

Meiosis
Ø CILIA – short numerous membrane extensions supported by
RIBOSOMES 70S 80S
microtubules which occur on exposed membrane surfaces
CYTOPLASMIC Fluid phospholipid Fluid
of some cells
MEMBRANE bilayer without phospholipid
- Move substances (mucus, dissolved materials) over the
carbohydrate and bilayer with
cell surface
sterol carbohydrate and
Ø MICROVILLI – numerous thin membrane folds projecting
sterol
from the free cell surface
CELL ORGANELLES No Yes
- Supported by microfilaments
SITE OF ENERGY Cytoplasmic Mitochondria - Increase membrane surface area for greater absorption
PRODUCTION Membrane - Example: small and large intestine
SITE OF PROTEIN Free ribosome RER Ø FLAGELLUM – long, singular membrane extension
SYNTHESIS supported by microtubules
Transcription and Transcription – - Present on sperm cells
Translation happen nucleus - Propels movement like in sperms cells
simultaneously Translation –
cytoplasm CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Organelles - metabolically active structures inside the cell
CYTOPLASM membrane
Ø PLASMA MEMBRANE – plasmalemma or cell membrane - May be membranous (mitochondria) or non
- Envelops every eukaryotic cells consists of membranous protein complexes (ribosomes and
phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins with proteasomes)
oligosaccharides chains covalently linked to many of Cytosol – fluid cytoplasm
the phospholipids and proteins - Contains hundreds of enzymes (glycolytic pathway)
- Selective barrier regulating the passage of materials which produce building blocks for larger molecules and
into and out of the cell break down small molecules to liberate energy
- Facilitate the transport of specific molecules Cytoskeleton – determines a cell’s shape and motility
- Keep constant the ion content of cytoplasm
- Perform a number of specific recognition and signaling Ø RIBOSOMES – macromolecular machines which assemble
functions polypeptides from amino acids on molecules of transfer RNA
v Membrane phospholipids – amphipathic – consists of 2 (tRNA) in a sequence specified by mRNA
nonpolar (hydrophobic – water repelling; long chain of fatty - Has two subunits of different sizes bound to a strand of
acids) and a charged polar (hydrophilic – water attracting; mRNA
head that bears phosphate group) - Core of small unit – highly folded ribosomal RNA
v Glycolipids – outer layer’s lipids which include (rRNA) chain associated with more than 30 unique
oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell proteins
surface and contribute to a delicate cell surface coating – - Core of large unit – has three other rRNA molecules
glycocalyx and nearly 50 other basic proteins
v Glycocalyx – acts as receptors which participate in v Peripheral Proteins of ribosome – primarily stabilize the
important interactions such as cell adhesion, cell catalytic RNA core
recognition, and the response to protein hormones v Ribosomal Proteins – synthesized in cytoplasmic ribosomes
v Integral Proteins – incorporated directly within the lipid o Are imported to the nucleus where they associate with
bilayer newly synthesized rRNA
v Multipass Proteins – polypeptide chains of many integral v Polyribosomes/Polysomes – large complex of ribosomes
proteins span the membrane from one side to the other produced during protein synthesis in which it binds the
v Peripheral Proteins – are bound to one of the two same strands of mRNA
membrane surface particularly on the cytoplasmic side
v Transmembrane Proteins – span the lipid bilayer thus are Ø ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM – convoluted membrane
functional on both sides of the bilayer network
o From ion channels and carrier proteins - Extends from the surface of the nucleus throughout
o Diffusion – transports small, nonpolar molecules most of the cytoplasm and encloses cisternae
directly through the lipid bilayer o Cisternae – series of intercommunicating
channels
 - Major site for vital cellular activities (biosynthesis of - Are surrounded by the membrane and contain a
proteins and lipids) concentrated form of the secretory product
1. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - Zymogen Granules – secretory granules with dense
- Prominent in cells specialized for protein secretion contents of digestive enzymes
o pancreatic acinar cells – making digestive
enzymes Ø LYSOSOMES – are sites of intracellular digestion and
o Fibroblasts – collagen turnover of cellular components
o Plasma cells - immunoglobulins - Are membrane-limited vesicles that contain 40
- Saclike as well as parallel stacks of flattened different hydrolytic enzymes – capable of breaking
cisternae, each limited by membranes that are down most macromolecules
continuous with the outer membrane of nuclear - Are particularly abundant in cells with great phagocytic
envelope activity (macrophages, neutrophils)
- Production of membrane associated proteins, - Usually spherical, range in diameter from 0.05 – 0.5 um
proteins of many membranous organelles, and and present a uniformly granular, electron-dense
proteins to be excreted by exocytosis appearance in TEM
2. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Regions of ER that lack polyribosomes Ø PROTEASOMES – made of very small abundant protein
- Is continuous of RER but frequently less abundant complexes that are NOT associated with membrane (each
- Not basophilic and is best seen with TEM approx the size of small ribosomal unit)
- SER cisternae are more tubular or saclike with - Cylindrical structure made of four stacked rings, each
interconnected channels of various shapes and composed of seven proteins including proteases
sizes rather than stacks of flattened cisternae - Function:
- Functions: ü To degrade denatured or nonfunctional
ü Synthesis of phospholipids and steroids – polypeptides
major constituents of cellular membranes ü Remove proteins that are no longer needed by the
(enzymes) cell
ü Detoxification of potentially harmful ü Provide an important mechanism for restricting
exogenous molecules (such as alcohols, the activity of specific protein to a certain window
barbiturates, other drugs) of time
ü Sequestration and controlled release of
calcium – part of rapid response of cells to Ø MITOCHONDRIA – are membrane-enclosed organelles with
various stimuli arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and
o Particularly well-developed in striated production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
muscle cells - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – has high energy
- Has an important role in the contraction process – phosphate bonds which supplies energy for most
sarcoplasmic reticulum cellular activities
- Glycolysis – converts glucose anaerobically to pyruvate
Ø GOLGI APPARATUS – completes post-translational in the cytoplasm, releasing some energy
modifications of proteins produced in the RER – packages - Are usually elongated structures with diameter of 0.5-1
and addresses these proteins to their proper destinations um and lengths up to 10x greater
- Named after Camille Golgi (1898) - Are highly plastic; rapidly changing shape; fusing with
- Consists of many smooth membranous saccules, some one another and dividing
vesicular, flattened but all containing enzymes and - Are moved through cytoplasm along microtubules
proteins being processed - Outer membrane – sieve-like, containing many
- Transport vesicles – small, membrane-enclosed transmembrane proteins like porins
carriers where material from RER cisternae moves to o Form channels through which small molecules
the Golgi apparatus such as pyruvate and other metabolites
o Transported along cytoskeletal polymers by motor readily pass from the cytoplasm to
proteins intermembranous space
o Cis face – transport vesicles merge with the Golgi - Inner membrane – many long folds (cristae) which
receiving region project into the matrix and greatly increase the
o Trans face – shipping region; carry completed membrane’s surface area
protein products to organelles away from Golgi
Ø PEROXISOMES – are spherical organelles enclosed by single
Ø SECRETORY GRANULES – originating as condensing vesicles membrane
in the Golgi Apparatus - Named for their enzymes producing and degrading
- Found in cells that store a product until its release by hydrogen peroxides H2O2
exocytosis is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal, neural - Oxidases – oxidize substrates by removing hydrogen
message atoms that are transferred to molecular oxygen (O2)
 - Catalase – immediately break down hydrogen peroxide - Melanin – dark brown granules which in skin serve to
which is potentially damaging to the cell protect cells from ultraviolet radiation
o Also inactivate various potentially toxic - Lipofuscin – pale brown granule found in many cells,
molecules (some prescription drugs – especially in stable nondividing cells (neurons, cardiac
particularly in the abundant peroxisomes of muscle)
qliver and kidney cells) o Contain complex mix of material partly
derived from residual bodies after lysosomal
CYTOSKELETON digestion
§ Is a complex array of microtubules, microfilaments, and - Hemosiderin – dense brown aggregate ferritin proteins
intermediate filaments with many atoms of bound iron, prominent in
§ Determine the shapes of cells phagocytic cells of the liver and spleen – results from
§ Play an important role in the movement of organelles and phagocytosis of RBCs
cytoplasmic vesicles
§ Also allow the movement of entire cells NUCLEUS – is the command center of the cell
- Contains the code for all of cell’s enzymes and other
Ø MICROTUBULES – fine tubular structures within the proteins
cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells - Contains the molecular machinery to replicate the DNA
- Most of which are highly dynamic in length and synthesize and process all types of RNA
- Are organized into larger, more stable arrays – - Appears large rounded or oval structure, often near the
axonemes cell’s center
- Radiating through cytoplasm from concentration at
centrosomes NUCLEAR ENVELOPE – forms a selectively permeable barrier
- Maintain cell’s shape and polarity between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments
- Provide tracks for organelles and chromosomes - Has two concentric membranes separated by narrow
movement perinuclear space
- Move cilia and flagella - Perinuclear space – and outer nuclear membrane – are
- Concentrated beneath cell membrane, in cell continuous with the extensive cytoplasmic network of
extensions like microvilli the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Ø MICROFILAMENTS – are composed of actin subunits - Nuclear lamina – closely associated with the inner
- Allow motility and most contractile activity in cells, nuclear membrane and highly organized meshwork of
using reversible assembly of actin filaments and proteins which stabilizes the nuclear envelope
associated myosin family proteins - Nuclear Pore Complexes – bridging the inner and outer
- Are thin polarized polymers, shorter and more flexible nuclear membrane
than microtubules o Regulate the movement of macromolecules
- Functions: between the nucleus and cytoplasm
ü Contract and move cells
ü Change cell shape CHROMATIN – consists of DNA and all of the associated proteins
ü Cytokinesis involved in the organizations and function of DNA
ü Cytoplasmic transport and streaming - Is divided among 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Ø INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS – arrayed throughout - Chromatids – two identical chromatin units in
cytoplasm inside nuclear envelope chromosome before cell division
- stable, confer increased mechanical stability to cell - Histones – sets of small basic proteins associated with
structure DNA
- Are made up of different protein subunits in different - Nucleosome – structural unit of DNA and histones
cell types
- Functions: NUCLEOLUS – generally spherical, highly basophilic subdomain
ü Strengthen cell and tissue structure of nuclei
ü Maintain cell shape - Actively engaged in protein synthesis
ü Maintain nuclear shape (lamins) - Intense basophilia is due to presence of densely
concentrated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that is transcribed,
INCLUSIONS processes and assembled into ribosomal subunits
§ Contain accumulated metabolites of other substances that
have little or no metabolic activity themselves
Ø LIPID DROPLETS – accumulations of lipid-filling adipocytes
and present in various other cells
Ø GLYCOGEN GRANULES – aggregate of the carbohydrate
polymer in which glucose is stored notable in liver cells
Ø PIGMENTED DEPOSITS