Membranes

 Membranes define the boundaries of cells and organelles

 Not easily classified as supramolecular assemblies or organelles, although they share
the properties of both.
 Membranes resemble supramolecular complexes in their construction because they
are complexes of proteins and lipids maintained by noncovalent forces.

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane

 Consists of a lipid bilayer (double layer) made of two rows of phospholipids and
proteins.
 Have an inner portion made of the nonpolar tails of phospholipids with the polar heads
at the outer and inner surfaces.

Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membranes

 The lipid bilayer

- Contains proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol.
- Has unsaturated fatty acids that make cell membranes fluid-like rather than rigid.
- Has proteins and carbohydrates on the surface that communicate with hormones
and neurotransmitters.

Cell Membrane

Cell Exterior

Peripheral protein

Integral protein

Cell interior
 - Phospholipid aggregation: In an aqueous solution, phospholipids tend to arrange
themselves with their polar heads facing outward and their hydrophobic tails
facing inward

Phospholipids

 Polar
- Hydrophylic head
- Hydrophobic tail
 Interacts with water

Membrane Proteins

1. Channels or transporters
- Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors
- Recognize certain chemicals
3. Glycoproteins
- Identify cell type
4. Enzymes
- Catalyze production of substances
Catalyze production of substances

Cell Membranes: Its Functions

 Separate cellular contents from the external environment.

 Transport of specific substances into & out of the cells.
 Catalysis contains enzymes whose function depends on the membrane's
environment.
 Receptor properties

How do materials move into and out of the cell?

 Materials must move in and out of the cell through the plasma membrane.
 Some materials move between the phospholipids.
 Some materials move through the proteins.

Movement across the Plasma Membrane

 A few molecules move freely

  Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
 Carrier proteins transport some molecules
 Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer
 Fluid mosaic model describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins

Transport through Cell Membranes

 The transport of substances through cell membranes

involves:
o Passive transport (diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, osmosis), which moves particles
from a higher to a lower
concentration; no ATP needed
o Facilitated diffusion, which uses
protein channels to increase the
rate of diffusion.
o Active transport, which moves ions against a
concentration gradient; requires ATP

Cell Walls

 Found in plants, fungi, & many protists

 Surrounds plasma membrane
o Plants mostly cellulose which form thin fibers; strong and rigid; gives shape to
the cell
o Fungi contain chitin

PLANT CELL

 Cell wall
- Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
- Resist entry of excess water into the cell

 Cytoplasm
- Viscous fluid containing organelles
- Provide a medium for chemical reactions to take
place
- components of cytoplasm
o Interconnected filaments & fibers
o Fluid = cytosol
o Organelles (not nucleus)
o storage substances

 Cytoskeleton
- Filaments & fibers
- Made of 3 fiber types
1) Microfilaments
2) Microtubules
3) Intermediate filaments
- 3 functions:
1) mechanical support
2) anchor organelles
3) help move substances
 Cilia & Flagella

- Provide motility - Flagella

- Cilia o Whip like extensions
o Short o Found on sperm cells
o Used to move - Basal bodies like centrioles
substances outside - Bundles of microtubules
human cells - With plasma membrane

 Centrioles
- Pairs of microtubular structures
- Play a role in cell division

 Membranous Organelles
- Functional
components within
cytoplasm
- Bound by membranes