Anatomy and Physiology Lab (MT 632)

3rd Shifting Period

Endocrine System


Gland Hormone Target Cell Functions
Pineal Melatonin Brain & Helps regulate daily biological
Hypothalamus rhythms; inhibits GnRH
production.
Hypothalamus GnRH (gonadotropin- Anterior Pituitary Stimulates secretion of FSH & LH
releasing hormone)
CRH (corticotropin- Stimulates secretion of ACTH
releasing hormone)
TRH (thyrotropin- Stimulates secretion of TSH
releasing hormone)
GHRH (growth Stimulates secretion of GH
hormone-releasing
hormone)
Anterior TSH (thyroid- Thyroid Stimulates secretion of thyroid
Pituitary stimulating hormone hormone and growth of thyroid
ACTH Adrenal Cortex Stimulates secretion of
(adrenocorticotropic glucocorticoids and growth of
hormone) adrenal cortex
FSH (follicle- 1. Ovaries Stimulates secretion of estrogen
stimulating hormone) 2. Testes Stimulates sperm production
LH (luteinizing 1. Ovaries Stimulates ovulation
hormone) 2. Testes Stimulates secretion of
testosterone
GH (growth hormone) Liver, bone, Stimulates widespread tissue
cartilage, mucles, growth
adipose tissue
Posterior ADH (antidiuretic Kidneys Increases water retention
Pituitary hormone)
Oxytocin 1. Uterus Stimulates uterine contractions
2. Lactating breasts Stimulates release of milk
Thyroid T3 & T4 (thyroid Most tissues Elevates metabolic rate; increases
hormone) heart and respiration rates;
stimulates appetite
Calcitonin Osteoblasts Stimulates bone deposition
Parathyroid PTH (parathyroid 1. Osteoclasts Stimulates bone reabsorption to
hormone) increase blood calcium levels
2. Kidneys Stimulates reabsorption of
calcium by the kidneys to maintain
blood calcium levels
3. Small intestine Stimulates calcium absorption
Pancreas Insulin Most tissues, liver Stimulates cells to take in glucose
to lower blood glucose levels; tells
liver to store glucose as glycogen.
 Glucagon Liver Stimulates glycogen conversion to
glucose and then the secretion to
raise blood glucose levels.
Adrenal Mineralocorticoids Kidneys Promote Na+ and water
Cortex (aldosterone) reabsorption; K+ excretion;
maintain blood volume and
pressure.
Glucocorticoids Most tissues Stimulates the breakdown of
(cortisol) protein & fat to make glucose;
suppress the immune system;
reduce inflammation
Androgens Most tissues Precursors to testosterone,
(dehydroepiandrosterone responsible for male secondary
[DHEA]) sex characteristics and for sex
drive in both sexes.
Adrenal Epinephrine Most tissues Raises metabolic rate; increases
Medulla heart & respiration rates;
increases blood glucose levels
(complements SNS)
Ovaries Estrogen Most tissues Stimulates female secondary sex
characteristics; regulates
menstrual cycle and pregnancy
Testes Testosterone Most tissues Stimulates male secondary sex
characteristics; sex drive and
sperm production
Other tissues Prostaglandins Many tissues Have variety of functions, such as
relaxing smooth muscle in
respiratory airways and blood vessels
and causing contraction of
smooth muscle in the uterus