ENDOCRINOLOGY Prepared by: Carl Leoneill Baroma, RMT, MPH

ENDOCRINE GLANDS, HORMONES, and their TARGET TISSUES

GLAND HORMONE TARGET RESPONSE HYPOSECRETION HYPERSECRETI
TISSUE ON
PITUITARY
GLAND
ANTERIOR GH Most tissues Increases gene expression, breakdown of lipids, and Hypo secretion Childhood:
release of fatty acids from cells; increases blood during childhood: Gigantism
glucose levels; Major effects are directed to the Pituitary dwarfism Adulthood:
growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of the body Acromegaly
Thyroid-Stimulating Thyroid Gland Increases thyroid secretion (thyroxine and
Hormone (TSH) triiodothyronine)
Adrenocorticotropic Adrenal Cortex Stimulates adrenal cortex to release its hormones;
Hormone (ACTH) Increases secretion of glucocorticoid hormones, such
as cortisol; increases skin pigmentation at high
concentrations
Melanocyte- Melanocytes Increases melanin production in melanocytes to make
Stimulating in skin skin darker in color
Hormone (MSH)
Luteinizing Ovary in Promotes ovulation and progesterone production in Sterility: both male
Hormone (LH) or females, ovary; promotes testosterone synthesis and support and female
Interstitial Cell- testes in males for sperm cell production in testis
Stimulating
Hormone (ICSH)
Follicle-stimulating Follicles in Promotes follicle maturation and estrogens secretion Sterility: both male
hormone (FSH) ovary in in ovary; promotes sperm cell production in testis and female
females,
seminiferous
tubules in
males
Prolactin Ovary and Stimulates Milk production and prolongs
Mammary progesterone secretion following ovulation and during
glands in pregnancy in women; increases sensitivity to LH in

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females, testis males

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in males
POSTERIOR Antidiuretic Kidney Causes kidney tubule cells to reabsorb water and DI
ENDOCRINOLOGY Prepared by: Carl Leoneill Baroma, RMT, MPH

Hormone (ADH) conserve body water;

Increases BP by constricting Blood vessels
Oxytocin Uterus Increases uterine contractions
Mammary Increases milk letdown from mammary glands
gland
THYROID Thyroid Hormones Most cells of Body’s metabolic hormones; increases metabolic Children: Grave’s Disease
GLAND (T3,T4) the body rates, essential for normal process of growth and Cretenism
maturation (Hyposecretion of
thyroxine)
Calcitonin Primarily bone Decreases rate of bone breakdown; prevents large
increase in blood Calcium levels following meals;
causes calcium to be deposited in the long bones
PARATHYROID Parathyroid Bone, Kidney Increases rate of bone breakdown by osteoclast; Tetany Extreme bone
GLANDS Hormone increases vitamin d synthesis, essential for wasting and
maintenance of blood calcium levels fractures
ADRENAL Ephinephrine Heart, blood Increases cardiac output; increases blood flow to Hyposecretion
MEDULLA mostly, some vessels, liver, skeletal muscles and heart; increases release of leads to
norepinephrines fat cells glucose and fatty acids into blood; in general, symptoms
prepares body for physical activity typical of
sympathetic
nervous system
ADRENAL Mineralocorticoids Kidneys; to Increase rate of sodium transport into body; increase Addison’s Disease – Hyperaldostero
CORTEX (aldosterone) lesser degree, rate of potassium excretion; secondarily favor water generalized nism, Cushing’s
intestine and retention hypoactivity of Disease, and or
sweat gland adrenal cortex Masculinization
Glucocorticoids Most tissues Increases fat and protein breakdown; increase glucose
(cortisol) (e.g. liver, fat, synthesis from amino acids; increase blood nutrient
skeletal, levels; inhibit inflammation and immune response
muscle,
immune
tissues)
Adrenal Androgens Most tissues Insignificant in males; increase female sexual drive,

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growth of pubic and axillary hair

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PANCREAS Insulin Especially Increases uptake and use of glucose and amino acids DM
liver, skeletal
ENDOCRINOLOGY Prepared by: Carl Leoneill Baroma, RMT, MPH

muscles,
adipose tissue
Glucagon Primarily liver Increases breakdown of glycogen and release of
glucose into the circulatory system
REPRODUCTIV
E ORGANS
TESTES Testosterone Most tissues Promotes maturation of the male reproductive organ, Sterility
Aids in sperm cell production, maintenance of
functional reproductive organs, secondary sexual
characteristics, sexual behavior
OVARIES Estrogen, Most tissues Stimulates the maturation of female reproductive Hyposecretion
Progesterone organs; Aid in uterine and mammary gland hampers the ability
development and function, external genitalia of a woman to
structure, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual conceive and bear
behavior, menstrual cycle children
UTERUS, Prostaglandins Most tissues Mediate inflammatory response; increase uterine
OVARIES, contractions and ovulation
INFLAMMED
TISSUES
THYMUS Thymosin Immune Promotes immune system development and function;
Tissues causes the maturation of T lymphocytes
PINEAL GLAND Melatonin Among others, Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing
hypothalamus hormones thereby inhibiting reproduction; Affects
biological rhythms and reproductive behavior

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