1.

Draw and label the organs of endocrine System

 2. Discuss the functions and the hormones secreted by the different organs
of the endocrine system.

Hormone Function(s) Regulation of Secretion

HORMONES OF THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Regulation of Secretion • Increases water Decreased water
reabsorption by the content in the body
kidney tubules (water (alcohol inhibits
returns to the blood) secretion)
• Decreases sweating
• Causes
vasoconstriction (in
large amounts)
Oxytocin • Promotes contraction Nerve impulses from
of myometrium of uterus hypothalamus, the
(labor) result of stretching of
• Promotes release of cervix or stimulation of
milk from mammary nipple Secretion from
glands placenta at end of
gestation— stimulus
unknown
HORMONES OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Growth hormone (GH) • Increases rate of GHRH (hypothalamus)
mitosis stimulates secretion
• Increases amino acid GHIH—somatostatin
transport into cells (hypothalamus) inhibits
• Increases rate of secretion
protein synthesis
• Increases use of fats
for energy
Thyroid-stimulating • Increases secretion of TRH (hypothalamus)
hormone (TSH) thyroxine and T3 by
thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic • Increases secretion of CRH (hypothalamus)
hormone (ACTH) cortisol by the adrenal
cortex
Prolactin • Stimulates milk PRH (hypothalamus)
production by the stimulates secretion PIH
mammary glands (hypothalamus) inhibits
secretion
Follicle-stimulating In women: GnRH (hypothalamus)
hormone (FSH) • Initiates growth of ova stimulates secretion
in ovarian follicles Inhibin (ovaries or
• Increases secretion of testes) inhibits secretion
estrogen by follicle cells
In men:
• Initiates sperm
production in the testes
Luteinizing hormone In women: GnRH (hypothalamus)
(LH) (ICSH) • Causes ovulation
• Causes the ruptured
ovarian follicle to
become the corpus
luteum
• Increases secretion of
progesterone by the
corpus luteum
In men:
• Increases secretion of
testosterone by the
interstitial cells of the
testes
HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND
Thyroxine (T4) and • Increase energy TSH (anterior pituitary)
production from all food
 types
Triiodothyronine (T3) • Increase rate of
protein synthesis
Calcitonin • Decreases the Hypercalcemia
reabsorption of calcium
and phosphate from
bones to blood
HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS
Parathyroid hormone • Increases the Hypocalcemia
(PTH) reabsorption of calcium stimulates secretion.
and phosphate Hypercalcemia inhibits
from bone to blood secretion
• Increases absorption
of calcium and
phosphate by
the small intestine
• Increases the
reabsorption of calcium
and the excretion of
phosphate by the
kidneys; activates
vitamin D
HORMONES OF THE PANCREAS
Glucagon • Increases conversion Hypoglycemia
(Alpha cells) of glycogen to glucose
in the liver
• Increases the use of
excess amino acids and
of fats for energy
Insulin (beta cells) • Increases glucose Hyperglycemia
transport into cells and
the use of glucose for
 energy production
• Increases the
conversion of excess
glucose to glycogen in
the liver
and muscles
• Increases amino acid
and fatty acid transport
into cells, and them
use in synthesis
reactions
Somatostatin • Decreases secretion of Rising levels of insulin
(Delta cells) insulin and glucagon and glucagon
• Slows absorption of
nutrients
HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
Norepinephrine • Causes Sympathetic impulses
Epinephrine vasoconstriction in skin, from the hypothalamus
viscera, and skeletal in stress
muscles situations
• Increases heart rate
and force of contraction
• Dilates bronchioles
• Decreases peristalsis
• Increases conversion
of glycogen to glucose
in the liver
• Causes vasodilation in
skeletal muscles
• Causes
vasoconstriction in skin
 and viscera
• Increases use of fats
for energy
• Increases the rate of
cell respiration
HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Aldosterone • Increases reabsorption Low blood Nalevel
of Na+ ions by Low blood volume or
the kidneys to the blood blood pressure
• Increases excretion of High blood Klevel
K+ ions by the
kidneys in urine
Cortisol • Increases use of fats ACTH (anterior pituitary)
and excess amino during
acids for energy physiological stress
• Decreases use of
glucose for energy
(except for the brain)
• Increases conversion
of glucose to
glycogen in the liver
• Anti-inflammatory
effect: stabilizes
lysosomes and blocks
the effects of histamine

References

Scanon, V.C, & Sanders, T. (2007). ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY. 5th ed. (p.228-242). F. A. Davis Company 1915 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103