Place

Pancreas Pituitary Gland (Posterior Lobe)

Stimulus ↑blood glucose ↓blood glucose Child birth Low water potential
concentration concentration of the blood
Metabolic Fed state: Fasting state:
State anabolic catabolic
metabolism metabolism
Hormones Pancreatic islet Pancreatic islet Posterior pituitary ADH (antidiuretic
beta cells secrete alpha cells secrete experiences an hormone) is released
insulin into glucagon increased AP frequency from the axon
bloodstream Alpha cells are the to release oxytocin— endings having been
sensor and control from the axon endings made in the
centre of neurons that connect hypothalamus (done
the hypothalamus to the by neural
posterior lobe. communication.
Hormones are made in
the hypothalamus.
Effects Liver cells: Liver cells: Stimulates contraction Stimulates kidneys to
Prevents glucose ↑glycogenolysis of uterine muscles reabsorb water (they
outputs so↑ net (breakdown of during child birth conserve water when
glucose uptake glycogen) (positive feedback) the body
—> glycogen and ↑glucogenesis dehydrates).
fat synthesis. (glucose synthesis) Stimulates milk release
Muscle and ↑ketone synthesis in breast feeding (milk
adipose cells: ejection reflex)
↑glucose uptake
—> fat synthesis,
amino acid
uptake, glycogen
and protein
synthesis
Response ↓blood glucose ↑blood glucose Positive feedback loop Negative feedback
concentration concentration and loop
reduces stimulus ↑blood ketones
concentration
reduce stimulus
Other –Only hormone –Glucagon is a –Peptide hormone –Peptide hormone
that lowers the peptide hormone
blood glucose –Target cells have
concentration membrane
–Insulin is a receptors
peptide hormone –Growth hormone,
–Target cells adrenaline and
have membrane cortisol can↑blood
receptors glucose
concentration










 Place Liver (anterior pituitary Thyroid glands (anterior Parathyroid glands
hormone) pituitary hormone)
Stimulus Neural input: somatostatin External and internal stimuli ↓blood calcium
neurons & GHRH neurons lead to neural CNS input. concentration
Hormones Somatostatin neurons Hypothalamus secretes TRH Parathyroid gland secretes
stimulate the release of GH- (thyrotropin-releasing PTH
IH (growth hormone hormone) into the blood
inhibiting which…
hormone/somatostatin),
GHRH neurons stimulate Stimulates the secretion of
the release of GHRH TSH (thyroid-stimulating
(growth hormone releasing hormone) in the anterior
hormone). Both into the pituitary…
anterior pituitary gland
binding to a membrane Stimulates secretion of
receptor of a specific cell thyroid hormones into the
type. Leads to… blood (T3 (active), T4) from
thyroid glands.
Release of growth hormone
in the anterior pituitary Also releases calcitonin which
gland. is involved in calcium
homeostasis but rarely
Stimulates release of produced naturally.
somatomedin C (IGF-1) in
the liver.
Effects Liver cells (direct): Metabolism: Bone:
Stimulates gluconeogensis ↑BMR by ↑synthesis and ↑bone breakdown —> ↑
(short term) activity of Na+/K+ pump calcium release into blood
Muscle cells (direct): ↑body heat production (↑ (bone Ca2+ resorption)
Stimulates protein synthesis oxygen consumption and ATP
(long term) and ↓glucose hydrolysis) Kidneys:
uptake (short term) Fatty acid oxidation ↑calcium reabsorption —>
Adipose cells (direct): Increases proteolysis ↓urinary excretion of
↑increases triglyceride Enhances insulin depend calcium
breakdown (short term) entry of glucose into cells
Indirect effects: ↑gluconeogenesis and Vitamin D —> calcitriol
Somatomedin C promotes glycogenolysis. ↑ calcium absorption from
cell division (long term) and Other: food in intestine
so promotes growth. Stimulates growth
Contributes to normal
alertness and reflexes.
Response Somatomedin C (IGF-1) in T3 and T4 secretion inhibits ↑blood calcium
the liver. TRH and TSH. concentration reduces
Negative feedback: stimulus
Stimulation of GH-IH.
Limit GH-RH release.
Other GH has long-term effect on Fasting state: catabolic PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin
growth and short-term metabolism. are involved in calcium
effects on metabolism. T3 and T4 travel bound to a homeostasis.
Anterior pituitary carrier protein (thyroid-
connected to hypothalamus binding globulin, TBG).
by blood vessels.




 Place Adrenal Glands (Medulla) Adrenal Glands (Cortex) (anterior
pituitary hormone)
Stimulus Stress Stress Non-stress
neural inputs
Hormones Sympathetic preganglionic fibre Hypothalamus secretes CRH
propagates an AP and ACh binds (corticotropin releasing
to receptors in adrenal medulla hormone)…
secretory cells. Secretes
adrenaline (80%) and Anterior pituitary secretes ACTH
noradrenaline (20%) into the (adrenocorticotropic hormone)…
blood stream, which takes the
hormones to the sympathetic Adrenal cortex synthesises and
target/effector cell. secretes cortisol. Binds to
receptors in cytoplasm of target
cells and activates gene
transcription to produce the
above responses.
Effects Skeletal muscle & liver: Muscle:
↑breakdown of glycogen to ↓glucose uptake
glucose (glycogenolysis) ↑protein breakdown
Fat: (gluconeogenesis in liver so need
↑breakdown of fat to fatty acids building blocks)
Fat:
↑fat breakdown
↓glucose uptake
Liver:
↑glucose synthesis
Other:
Helps one to cope with stress
Anti inflammatory (long-term)
Essential for maintaining normal
blood pressure
Response Makes fuel more readily available Cortisol secretion reduces
to cells. No negative feedback for secretion of CRH and ACTH.
stress response. Negative feedback. No negative
feedback for stress response.
Other Water soluble (amino acid Catabolic metabolism.
derivative) Increases:
Cell membrane receptor so uses a Blood glucose levels
secondary messenger pathway Blood pressure
Fast Heart rate
Amplification of cellular response Antiinflammatory actions.
Supplements actions of Heart and blood vessel tone
sympathetic nervous system (contraction)
Catabolic