Chapter 10: Endocrine System

Monday, October 3, 2022

1:45 PM
Endocrine - endo - within/inside ; crine - krine "krino" - to secrete
Endocrine system - composed of many organs that secretes chemical messengers "hormones"
Endocrine:
Parathyroid Hormone
Growth Hormone
Calcitonin
Exocrine - outside
Exocrine:
Sweat
Saliva
Milk
 
Includes:
Endocrine glands - organs composed of epithelial tissue
(Thyroid gland)
Endocrine cells (epithelial cell specialized in secretion)
(Kidney)
 
Functions of endocrine system:
1. Control/Regulation/ Modulation
2. Stimulation
3. Regulation of circadian rhythm
 
Chemical messengers - allow cells to communicate with each other to regulate body activities
Secretion - controlled release of chemicals from a cell
 
Endocrine System Categories
 
1. Autocrine
2. Paracrine
3. Endocrine
4. Neurotransmitters - chemical messenger, neuron to neuron
 
(Italicized- Discussion; Non-italicized- book)
Autocrine chemical messengers (Secreted by white blood cells during an infection)
 "auto" - self, secretes hormone to stimulate self
 WBC - secretes prostaglandins (calls another WBC)
 stimulates the cell that originally secreted it, and sometimes nearby cells of the same type
Paracrine chemical messengers (Histamine - released by certain white blood cells during allergic
reactions; stimulates vasodilation in nearby blood vessels)
 "para" - beside, next to, secretes hormones that effects the one beside/ next to it
 Mass cells - secretes cytokines to vasodilate
 Local effect/close proximity
 local messengers.
 Secreted by one cell type but affect neighboring cells of a different type.
 Do not travel in the general circulation instead they are secreted into the extracellular
fluid.
 Endocrine chemical messengers
 Chemical messenger > blood stream > target cells(effector cells)> bind with receptor
> produce specific effect
 Effects are anywhere
 Pituitary gland can secrete oxytocin > bloodstream > breast tissue > release milk
 Secreted into the bloodstream by certain gland and cells, which together constitute the
endocrine system.
 Affect cells that are distant from their sources
Neurotransmitters
 Neuron to neuron
 Synaptic cleft
 Secreted by neurons that activate an adjacent cell, whether it is another neuron, a muscle
cell, or a glandular cell.
 Transmitted into a synaptic cleft, rather than into bloodstream.
 In the strictest sense neurotransmitters are paracrine chemical messengers, but for our
purpose it is most appropriate to consider them as a separate category.
 
Types of hormones
 Lipid-soluble hormone
 Dissolve in fats or oils
 Steroids, thyroid, eicosanoid
 Ex. androgens: testosterone, luteinizing hormone
 Water-soluble hormone
 Dissolve in water
 Proteins, peptide, amino acid
 Most common type of hormones
 Ex. Growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone, prolactin
 
  Lipid soluble Water soluble
GI Easily absorbed Easily destroyed by
Absorption digestive enzyme
Receptors Inside, nucleus Outside, cell
membrane
Blood Bind to "chaperone Easily dissolved by
proteins"/ blood
"Transport proteins"
and temporarily
become water soluble
 
 
Hormone > blood stream > target cell > bind with receptor > produce specific effect
 
Control of Hormone Secretion
Stimulation of secretion
1. Humoral
 Fluids, blood
 Low Ca2+ > PTH > High Ca2+
2. Neural
  Hypothalamus > growth hormone releasing hormone > stimulate anterior pituitary gland
> produce growth hormone
 Hormonal
 Ovary>estrogen>hypothalamus>gonadotropin releasing hormone>anterior pituitary
gland>luteinizing hormone
 
Inhibition of secretion
 Humoral inhibition
 Usually involves other hormones
 Low Ca2+ > PTH > High Ca2+ > Calcitonin > Low Ca2+
 Neural inhibition
 Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) stimulate anterior pituitary to stop
producing growth hormone
 
Negative and Positive feedback - regulate hormone levels
 
Endocrine organs - Primary and secondary endocrine organs
 
Primary endocrine organs - primary function: to produce hormones
Secondary endocrine organs - secondary function: to produce hormones
 
Primary endocrine organs: (HPPTPAP)
 Hypothalamus
 Pituitary gland - below the hypothalamus
 Pineal gland - posterior of hypothalamus area
 Thyroid gland - larynx
 Parathyroid gland - posterior of the neck
 Adrenal gland - above kidneys
 Pancreas
Secondary endocrine organs:
 Heart
 Gonads (testes & ovary)
 Kidney
 Thymus - above heart
 
Primary endocrine organs
Pituitary gland
 was known as the "master gland" (can control other glands)
 Controlled by hypothalamus
 
 
 Small gland in the brain
 Shape: pea-shaped
 Size: 1-1.5cm (0.5in)
 Location: Inferior to the hypothalamus
 
 Lactotrophs - produce prolactin
 Corticotrophs - produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone
 
 Posterior pituitary gland (PPG)
o Neurohypophysis
 o Composed of nervous tissue
 At least 6 hormones
 Line in between of anterior and posterior pituitary - pars intermediate (will fuse with the
anterior pituitary at childbirth)
 
Hypothalamus
 A region of the brain
 Connected in hypo by "stalk"
 Stalk - infundibulum = "funnel"
 Divided into 2 regions:
 Posterior Pituitary Gland
 Anterior Pituitary Gland
 Inferior to the thalamus
 Control center for autonomic nervous system and endocrine system
Hormone secreted:
 Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
 Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
 Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
 Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
 Oxytocin
 
APG Hormones
 
 Growth hormone
 "Human growth hormone" (hGH)
 "Somatotropin"
 Target tissue: liver, bones, muscles and others
 Function: stimulates growth of bone, muscle and others
o Regulates metabolism
 Abnormalities
>GH: Gigantism
<GH: dwarfism
 
11. Thyroid stimulating hormone
 "thyrotropin"
 Target tissue: thyroid
 Function: secretion of thyroid hormones
 Abnormalities
>TSH: Goiter
<TSH: Thyroid will shrink
 
 Gonadotropins
a. Follicle stimulating hormone
Females:
 Target tissue: Follicles in the ovaries
 Function: follicle (cell that turns to egg cell) maturation and estrogen secretion
Males:
  Target tissue: Semineferous tubules in testes
 Function: sperm production
b. Luteinizing hormone
Females:
 Target tissue: Ovaries
 Function: promotes ovulation and promotes progesterone secretion
Males:
 Target tissue: Testes
 Function: production of sperm and testosterone
 
 Prolactin
 Target tissue: Mammary glands and ovaries
 Function: production of milk
 "Lactotrophs"
 Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
 "Corticotrophin"
 Target tissue: adrenal cortex
 Function: Stimulate production of corticosteroids (produced by adrenal cortex)
 Melanocyte stimulating hormone
 Produced by the remnants of pars intermediate
 Target tissue: melanocytes in the skin
 Function: stimulate production of melanin