ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (LEC)

1. Draw ang label the major parts of the nervous system. (Brain and
spinal cord)
2. Draw, label, and describe the anatomy of a neurons
 3. Draw the different types of glial cells and describe its
characteristics

Macroglia in the CNS are grouped into subcategories of ependymal cells,

oligodendrocytes, radial glia, and astrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are best
known for their ability to manufacture, repair, and arrange myelin sheaths
around neuron axons. Myelin sheaths insulate nerve cell axons to prevent
electrical impulses from leaking and enabling longer-distance communication.
Oligodendrocytes also support the metabolic needs of the nerve cell axon.
4. What are the different diseases associated with the nervous
system?

 Shingles- is a painful, blistering rash caused by a viral infection. The

varicella-zoster virus, which is also responsible for chickenpox, causes it.
You can only get shingles if you've previously had chickenpox. The
shingles rash appears as painful, itchy blisters that appear on one side of
the body, commonly on the face, chest, back, belly, or pelvis. It may take
several weeks for them to settle.

 Bell's palsy- is a condition in which one side of the face suddenly

becomes weak or paralyzed. Inflammation or injury to the facial nerve
causes it. It's usually just transitory; most people feel better after two
weeks and are fully recovered after three to six months. A few people do
not recover completely and are left with facial muscular weakness or
paralysis.

 Cerebral palsy- is a brain injury-related disorder that affects physical

movement. The injury can occur prior to, during, or after birth, and it
does not worsen with time. The damage to the brain has an impact on
physical movement and posture. Floppy or tight muscles, as well as
involuntary muscle movements, are common symptoms. Movement,
coordination, muscular tone, and posture can all be affected by cerebral
palsy. It's also linked to problems with vision, hearing, speech, eating,
and learning. The brain injury is irreversible. There is no way to stop it. In
mild cerebral palsy, life expectancy is normal or near normal, although
the effects of cerebral palsy can impose stress on the body and
premature aging.

 Epilepsy- is a long-term brain condition in which a person has seizures

on a regular basis. It is estimated that 3 out of every 100 Australians are
affected. A single seizure is not deemed epilepsy; almost half of those
 who have one seizure never experience another. Seizures can also be
caused by other disorders such as fever, diabetes, heart disease, and
alcohol withdrawal. Epilepsy is a term that refers to several various
illnesses that can produce seizures. You can refer to Epilepsy Australia's
seizure first aid resources if you see a seizure. Seizures normally last
between one and three minutes.

 Motor neuron disease (MND)- is a term used to describe a set of

disorders that damage the motor nerves, also known as motor neurons.
These neurons develop and die in MND, causing the muscles to weaken
over time. Paralysis results because of this. Lou Gehrig's disease,
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS is another term for it.

 Multiple sclerosis (MS)- is a central nervous system illness that affects

people. Damage of the protective sheath (known as myelin) that
surrounds nerve fibres in the brain and spinal cord is a symptom of MS.
Scars, or lesions, form in the nervous system as a result of this injury,
preventing the nerves from adequately transmitting impulses throughout
the body.

 Neurofibromatosis- is a hereditary disorder marked by the development

of neurofibromas. These are benign tumors that are normally non-
cancerous, though they can be malignant in rare situations.
Neurofibromas can develop wherever in the body where nerve cells
exist. Neurofibromatosis is not curable, although it is managed, and
many people with the disease go about their daily lives normally.

 Parkinson's disease- is a nervous system condition. Damage to the

nerve cells that create dopamine, a neurotransmitter required for smooth
muscle control and movement, causes it.
 Sciatica- is a painful ailment that affects the back and legs. When pain
travels along the route of the sciatic nerve, it is called sciatica. This nerve
originates in the lower spine and goes down the back of the leg to the
foot, passing via the hip and buttocks.

 Alzheimer- is a disease (gradual loss of memory, intellect, rational

thought, and social skills). Alzheimer's disease affects nearly seven out
of ten people with dementia. Millions of brain cells (neurons) organize
the way the brain retains memories, learns habits, and shapes our
personalities. Neurotransmitters are molecules that carry signals via the
synapses between brain cells. Alzheimer's disease disrupts these cells
and molecules, producing memory loss, cognitive impairment, and
behavioral changes over time. Alzheimer's patients eventually require
long-term care and support.

5. Draw and label the muscular system?

 6. What is the major function of the muscular system?

The muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers.

Their predominant function is contractibility. Muscles, attached to bones
or internal organs and blood vessels, are responsible for movement. Nearly all
movement in the body is the result of muscle contraction. Exceptions to this are
the action of cilia, the flagellum on sperm cells, and amoeboid movement of
some white blood cells. The integrated action of joints, bones, and skeletal
muscles produces obvious movements such as walking and running. Skeletal
muscles also produce more subtle movements that result in
various facial expressions, eye movements, and respiration.

In addition to movement, muscle contraction also fulfills some other important

functions in the body, such as posture, joint stability, and heat production.
Posture, such as sitting and standing, is maintained because of muscle
contraction. The skeletal muscles are continually making fine adjustments that
hold the body in stationary positions. The tendons of many muscles extend over
joints and in this way contribute to joint stability. This is particularly evident in
the knee and shoulder joints, where muscle tendons are a major factor in
stabilizing the joint. Heat production, to maintain body temperature, is an
important by-product of muscle metabolism. Nearly 85 percent of the heat
produced in the body is the result of muscle contraction.

7. What are the different diseases associated with the Muscular

system?

 Primary muscle diseases- are caused by abnormalities of the muscles.

A muscle disease is considered primary if it occurs on its own, not
because of any other associated diseases.
 Myositis-type inflammation is caused by lymphocytes, white blood cells
that typically protect the body’s immune system. With myositis,
lymphocytes and foreign substances invade healthy muscle fibers.
 Chronic (ongoing) inflammation, over time, destroys muscle fibers,
causing muscle function loss, immobility, and fatigue.
 Dermatomyositis (DM)- is a rare inflammatory muscle disease. It can
affect people of any age or sex, though it's more often seen in women.
 Muscular dystrophy (MD)- is a group of inherited myopathies. These
conditions all cause muscle loss and weakness.
 Myasthenia Gravis (MG) – is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease.
Neuromuscular diseases are caused by problems with how the nerves
and muscles work together.

 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)- is also called Lou Gehrig’s disease.

This group of rare neurological diseases affects the nerve cells in the brain and
spinal cord.
 Sarcopenia- also called Geriatric muscle disease, is common in older
adults. Other types of muscle diseases are less common in older adults.