Endocrine System

Control of Our Bodies Homeostasis

By: Manuel M. Moncada Jr.

 Engage
• You will be viewing some video clips from
Sideshow: Alive On The Inside. Within
these clips you will see various types of
endocrine disorders.
 Explore
• Explore 1
• Using your text and other resources, you
will familiarize yourself with the endocrine
glands and their functions by completing
the endocrine system worksheet.
• Explore 2
 Explain
Section 39-2

The Endocrine
System

regulates

Calcium
Water Response
Growth Reproduction Metabolism and glucose
balance to stress
levels

by means by means by means by means by means by means

of the of the of the of the of the of the

Pituitary Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals

Ovaries Parathyroids
 Explain
• List 4 types of endocrine glands and
give their function.
• What is the overall function of the
endocrine system?
• With what other systems does the
endocrine system interact?
 Exocrine or Endocrine
• Exocrine – release products
(enzymes) into ducts
– Ex) Sweat, tears, digestive juices
• Endocrine – directly to bloodstream;
NO DUCTS
– Ex) Hormones
 Endocrine System
• Glands – release products to
bloodstream directly.
• Horomones – products deliver
messages to body
• Target cells – have specific
receptors for specific hormones
 Endocrine Glands
Section 39-1
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus makes
hormones that control the
pituitary gland. In addition, it
makes hormones that are stored
in the pituitary gland.
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland produces
hormones that regulate many of the
other endocrine glands.
Parathyroid glands
These four glands release
parathyroid hormone, which
regulate the level of calcium
in the blood.
Thymus
During childhood, the thymus
releases thymosin, which
stimulates Tcell development.
Adrenal glands
The adrenal glands release
epinephrine and nonepinephrine,
which help the body deal with stress.
Pineal gland
The pineal gland releases melatonin, which
is involved in rhythmic activities, such as
daily sleep-wake cycles.
Thyroid
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which
regulates metabolism.
Pancreas
The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which
regulate the level of glucose in the blood.
Ovary
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone.
Estrogen is required for the development of secondary
sex characteristics and for the development of eggs.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.
Testis
The testes produce testosterone,
which is responsible for sperm
production and the development of
male secondary sex characteristics
 Pituitary Gland
• Master gland
– Controls the other
endocrine glands
• Growth Hormone (GH)
– Too much –
gigantism
– Too little – dwarfism
• Antidiuretic (ADH)
– Stimulates kidneys
to keep water
 Hypothalamus
• Part of brain and attached to
pituitary
• Controls pituitary secretions
Thyroid
 THYROID GLAND
• Regulates
– Metabolism and energy balance
 Thyroid Hormones
• Thyroxine
– Regulates body energy usage
• Calcitonin
– One hormones that regulates calcium
and phosphate in blood
 Questions
• What are the two hormones that the
thyroid secretes?
• What is the function of thyroxine?
• What is the function of calcitonin?
Parathyroid
 Calcium Regulation
PARAthyroid Glands
• PTH-Parathyroid hormones
• Increases calcium, phosphate, and
magnesium absorption in intestines.
• Causes bones to release calcium and
phosphate
• Causes removal of calcium and magnesium
from urine by kidneys
• Increases the making of Vitamin D in body
 Negative Feedback
Mechanism
• Our body uses feedback mechanism
to maintain homeostasis within our
body.
• Regulation of calcium is one example
of this process.
• Can you think of another one? Hint:
Role Play Activity
 Questions
• PTH cause the small intestine to
absorb more calcium, _____ and
_____.
• What does PTH cause the bones to
release?
• What do the kidneys do because of
PTH?
 Adrenal Gland
• Releases hormones to deal with stress
 Adrenal Gland Cont.
• Cortex
– Produces more than
2 dozen steroid
hormones
– corticosteriods
• Medulla
– “fight or flight”
– Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
 Glucose Regulation
Two Ways:
1. Eating Regularly
2. Hormone Adjustments
 Pancreas:
Endocrine and Exocrine
• What did the pancreas do in digestion?
Secreted Enzymes
Pancreas also secretes hormones
Endocrine glands
- ductless organ that releases hormones
DIRECTLY into the bloodstream.
 Questions
• What do exocrine glands secrete?
• What do endocrine glands secrete?
 Blood Glucose Level
• Pancreatic Hormones regulate blood
sugar level before and after meals.
• Islets; clusters of cells in pancreas
– Alphasecrete glucagon – increases sugar
– Beta secrete insulin – decreases sugar
 What Happens?

• Between meals
Blood glucose lowPancreas secretes
glucagonLiver changes glycogen to
glucoseglucose sent to target tissues

• After a meal
Blood glucose highPancreas secretes
insulinGlucose goes to the Liver(Glygogen) and
goes to Target tissues
 Questions
• What organ regulates glucose in blood?
• When we eat our blood glucose level is high
or low?
• In between meals our blood glucose level is
high or low?
• When our blood glucose is high the
pancreas secretes ___________.
• When our blood glucose is low the
pancreas secretes ___________.
• What mechanism allows our body to
control the glucose level in our body?
 Diabetes
• Diabetes
– High sugar levels in blood
– Do not produce enough insulin to control
blood sugar
– Some take insulin injections to regulate
 Reproductive Glands
• Production of gametes
• Secretion of sex hormones
• Female – Ovaries - Estrogen
• Males – Testes - Testosterone
 Elaborate
• You will perform various
investigations with plant hormones to
better understand human hormones.
You will be working with hormones
that stimulate and inhibit plant
growth.