ENDOCRINE GLAND

REPORTER:
REPORTER:COMPANIA
COMPANIAJOHAIFHA
JOHAIFHA
NANDING
NANDINGSHAIRA
SHAIRA
SAMONTE ESHEEN BEA
SAMONTE ESHEEN BEA
MASUKAT ZYXAH
MASUKAT ZYXAH
 Endocrine System
The endocrine system is the collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate metabolism,
growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among
other things.
 Two types of Endocrine
System
• EXOCRINE GLAND
Exocrine glands are those glands that directly release their secretion
into the target organ or tissue.
• ENDOCRINE GLAND
Endocrine glands are those that release their secretions into
the bloodstream.
We have 8 major glands in our body:

*Hypothalamus *Pancreas
*Pituitary Gland *Ovary
*Thyroid Gland *Testis
*Parathyroid Gland
*Adrenal Gland
• Hypothalamus - this organ connects your endocrine system
with your nervous system. Its main job is to tell your
pituitary gland to start or stop making hormones.
Hypothalamus responds to a variety of signals from the
internal & external environment including:
• Appetite and weight
• Body temperature
• Childbirth
• Emotions, behavior, memory
• Growth
• Production of breast milk
• Salt and water balance
• Sex drive
• Sleep-wake cycle and the body clock
Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus include:
 Corticotropin-releasing hormone, which helps regulate metabolism and
immune response by working with the pituitary gland and adrenal gland to
release certain steroids.
 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which instructs the pituitary gland to
release more hormones that keep the sexual organs working.
 Oxytocin ,a hormone involved in several processes, including the release of a
mother's breast milk, moderating body temperature, and regulating sleep
cycles.
 Prolactin-controlling hormones, which tell the pituitary gland to either start
or stop breast milk production in lactating mothers.
 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, activates the thyroid, which releases the
hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, and developmental growth.
 Antidiuretichormone, which increases how much water is absorbed into the
blood by the kidneys.
• Pituitary gland - this is your endocrine system’s master gland. It uses
information it gets from your brain to tell other glands in your body
what to do. It makes many important hormones, including growth 
hormone, prolactin, which helps breastfeeding moms make milk; and
luteinizing hormone, which manages estrogen in women and
testosterone in men.
The pituitary gland has two main parts:

1.) Anterior lobe

produces hormones, which are regulated by the
hypothalamus.
2.) Posterior lobe
produces hormones, which are not regulated by the
hypothalamus.
ANTERIOR LOBE
 Growth Hormone - This hormone stimulates growth in childhood and plays a role in 
maintaining healthy muscles and bone and well-being in adults.
 Thyroid-stimulating Hormone - This hormones stimulates the thyroid gland to produce
thyroid hormones, which regulate the body's metabolism, energy balance and growth

 Luteinizing Hormone - its role is controlling the function of ovaries in females and testes
in males
 Prolactin -This hormone stimulates breast milk production after childbirth.
 Endorphins - Have pain relieving properties and are thought to be connected to the
“pleasure center” of the brain or also called Happy Hormones
 Enkephalins - Closely related to endorphins and have similar pain-relieving effects.
 Beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone - This hormone helps to stimulate production and
release of melanin. Increased pigmentation of your skin in response to ultraviolent
radiation.
POSTERIOR LOBE

• Anti-Diuretic Hormone/Vasopressin – it’s a hormone made by the hypothalamus and

stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidney how much water to conserve.
• Oxytocin - this hormone causes milk to flow from the breasts in breastfeeding women,
and may also help labor to progress. Oxytocin may also play an important role in
human behavior and social interaction and may promote bonding between a mother and
her child.
• Thyroid gland - this gland makes thyroid hormone, which controls your 
metabolism. If this gland doesn't make enough (a condition called
hypothyroidism), everything happens more slowly. Your heart rate might slow
down. You could get constipated. And you might gain weight. If it makes too
much (hyperthyroidism), everything speeds up. Your heart might race. You could
have diarrhea. And you might lose weight without trying.
THYROID GLAND

The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck just

below the Adam's apple (larynx). It is butterfly-shaped and
consists of two lobes located either side of the windpipe
(trachea). A normal thyroid gland is not usually outwardly
visible or able to be felt if finger pressure is applied to the
neck. 
Thethyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the
body's metabolic rate as well as heart and digestive
function, muscle control, brain development, mood and
bone maintenance. Its correct functioning depends on
having a good supply of iodine from the diet.  
It makes two hormones that are secreted into the blood: thyroxine
(T4) and triodothyronine (T3).
The hypothalamus produces TSH Releasing Hormone (TRH) that
signals the pituitary to tell the thyroid gland to produce more or
less of T3 and T4 by either increasing or decreasing the release of
a hormone called thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
• Why we need thyroid gland?
• T3 and T4 travel in your bloodstream to reach almost every cell in
the body. The hormones regulate the speed with which the
cells/metabolism work. For example, T3 and T4 regulate your
heart rate and how fast your intestines process food. So if T3 and
T4 levels are low, your heart rate may be slower than normal, and
you may have constipation/weight gain. If T3 and T4 levels are
high, you may have a rapid heart rate and diarrhea/weight loss.
Listed below are other symptoms of too much T3 and T4 in
your body (hyperthyroidism):

• Anxiety, Irritability or moodiness, Nervousness, hyperactivity,

Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures, Hand trembling
(shaking), Hair loss, Missed or light menstrual periods
The following are other symptoms that may
indicate too little T3 and T4 in your body
(hypothyroidism):

• Trouble sleeping, Tiredness and fatigue, Difficulty concentrating,

Dry skin and hair, Depression, Sensitivity to cold temperature,
Frequent heavy periods, joint and muscle pain,
• Parathyroid - this is a set of four small glands behind your
thyroid. They play a role in bone health. The glands control
your levels of calcium and phosphorus.
PARATHYROID GLAND
• The parathyroid glands are four tiny glands, located in the neck, Each
gland is about the size of a grain of rice (weighs approximately 30
milligrams and is 3-4 millimeters in diameter). that control the body's
calcium levels.
The parathyroid glands produce a hormone called parathyroid
hormone. PTH raises the blood calcium level by:
Breaking down the bone (where most of the body’s calcium stored) and
causing calcium release.
Increasing the body’s ability to absorb calcium from food
Increasing the kidney’s ability to hold on to calcium that would
otherwise be lost in the urine.
• Adrenals - produce hormones that helps regulate your metabolism,
immune system, blood pressure, response to stressand other essential
functions
Adrenal Disorder:
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CHA)
What are the symptoms of adrenal gland disorders?
Upper body obesity, round face and neck, and thinning arms
and legs.
High blood pressure.
Muscle and bone weakness.
Moodiness, irritability, or depression.
Slow growth rates in children.
Pancreas - the pancreas is located across the back of the abdomen, behind the
stomach. The pancreas plays a role in digestion, as well as hormone production.
Hormones produced by the pancreas include insulin and glucagon, which regulate
levels of blood sugar.
PANCREAS GLAND
The Pancreas and Its Functions. The pancreas is an organ located in the
abdomen. It plays an essential role in converting the food we eat into fuel for
the body's cells. The pancreas has two main functions: an
exocrine function that helps in digestion and an endocrine function that
regulates blood sugar level.
PANCREATITIS (Pancreas Disorder)
Acute pancreatitis signs and symptoms include:
• Upper abdominal pain.
• Abdominal pain that radiates to your back.
• Abdominal pain that feels worse after eating.
• Fever.
• Rapid pulse.
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
Ovaries - in women, these organs make estrogen and progesterone.
These hormones help develop breasts at puberty, regulate the 
menstrual cycle, and support a pregnancy.
The ovary is a ductless reproductive gland in which the female
OVARY

reproductive cells are produced. Females have a pair of ovaries, held

by a membrane beside the uterus on each side of the lower abdomen.
The ovary is needed in reproduction since it is responsible for
producing the female reproductive cells, or ova.

PCOS OVARIAN CANCER (ovarian

disorder)
Symptoms of an ovarian cyst:
• abdominal bloating or swelling.
• painful bowel movements.
• pelvic pain before or during the menstrual cycle.
• painful intercourse.
• breast tenderness.
• nausea and vomiting.
• Testes - in men, the testes make testosterone. It helps them grow
facial and body hair at puberty. It also tells the penis to grow larger
and plays a role in making sperm.
TESTIS
The male sex gland, located behind the penis in a pouch of skin
called the scrotum. The testes produce and store sperm and are
also the body's main source of male hormones, such as
testosterone. These hormones control the development of the
reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such as body
and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders. Also known as
testicle.

TESTICULAR CANCER (testis disorder)

Symptoms of a testicular cancer:

• Swelling, tenderness, or redness of the testicles and scrotum.

• Nausea and vomiting.
• Fever.
• Painful urination or penile discharge.
• Pain with sexual intercourse.
• Pain with ejaculation.
• Blood in the urine.
• Blood in the semen
DISEASES
• Cushing's disease – is caused by high levels of the hormone
such as asthma, arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease
• Symptoms:
• Weight gain
• Purple stretch mark on the breast, arms, abdomen, and thighs
• Thinning skin that bruises easily
• Acne
• Fatigue
• Muscle weakness
• Gigantism (acromegaly) and other growth hormone
 problems. If the pituitary gland produces too much
growth hormone, a child's bones and body parts may
grow abnormally fast. If growth hormone levels are too
low, a child can stop growing in height.
• Symptoms:
• Excessive sweating
• Weakness
• Insomnia and other sleep disorder
• Delayed puberty in both boys and girls
• Irregular menstrual periods in girls
• Hyperthyroidism - the thyroid gland produces too much
thyroid hormone, leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, 
sweating, and nervousness. The most common cause for an 
overactive thyroid is an autoimmune disorder called Grave's
disease.
Symptoms:
• Excessive sweating
• Heat intolerance
• Increased bowel movement
• Nervousness, agitation, amxiety
• Weight loss
• Fatigue, weakness
• Hypopituitarism - the pituitary gland releases little or no
hormones. It may be caused by a number of different
diseases. Women with this condition may stop getting
their periods. It may caused dwarfism in children and
premature aging in adults
Symptoms:
• Stomach pain, decreased appetite, vomiting, and constipation
• Excessive thirst and urination
• Head ache and dizziness
• Sensitivity to cold
• Weight loss or weight gain
• Fatigue and/or weakness