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LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. List the functions of hormones.
2. Classify hormones into their major chemical categories.
3. Describe how the hypothalamus of the brain controls the
endocrine system.
4. Name the endocrine glands and state where they are located.
5. Describe the functional relationship between the hypothalamus
and the pituitary gland
6. List the major hormones and their effects on the body.
7. Indicate the endocrine role of the kidneys, the stomach and
intestine, the heart, and the placenta
8. Discuss some of the major diseases of the endocrine system
and their causes.
Endocrine glands, also
called ductless glands,
produce hormones
The Endocrine System
• Second controlling system of the body
• Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood
• Hormones control several major
processes
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Mobilization of body defenses
• Maintenance of much of homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hormone Overview
• Endocrine glands
are activated by
other hormones
HORMONAL
Figure 9.2a
• Changing blood
levels of certain
ions stimulate
hormone release
HUMORAL
Figure 9.2b
• Sympathetic nervous
system stimulation of
the adrenal medulla to
release
catecholamines
(norepinephrine and
epinephrine) during
periods of stress
NEURAL
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Location of Major Endrocrine Organs
Figure 9.3
• Prolactin (PRL)
• Stimulates and maintains milk production
following childbirth
• Function in males is unknown
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal
cortex
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Influences growth and activity of the thyroid
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions of Other Anterior Pituitary
Hormones
• Gonadotropic hormones
• Regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Stimulates follicle development in
ovaries
• Stimulates sperm development in
testes
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.23a
Thyroid Gland
Figure 9.6
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.24
Calcitonin
• Decreases blood
calcium levels by
causing its
deposition on bone
• Antagonistic to
parathyroid
hormone
• Produced by C
(parafollicular)
cells
Figure 9.9
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.25
Parathyroid Glands
Congenital hypothyroidism
can be caused by a variety
of factors, only some of
which are genetic. The most
common cause worldwide
is a shortage of iodine in
the diet of the mother and
the affected infant. Iodine
is essential for the
production of thyroid
hormones.
Congenital Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism is a
common condition
where the thyroid
doesn't create and
release enough thyroid
hormone into your
bloodstream.
Hyperthyroidism
(overactive
thyroid) occurs when
your thyroid gland
produces too much
of the hormone
thyroxine.
Hyperthyroidism can
accelerate your body's
metabolism, causing
unintentional weight
loss and a rapid or
irregular heartbeat.
Adrenal Glands
• Two glands
• Cortex – outer glandular region in three
layers
• Medulla – inner neural tissue region
• Sits on top of the kidneys
Figure 9.10
• Sex hormones
• Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal
cortex
• Androgens (male) and some estrogen
(female)
Figure 9.13
• Progesterone
• Produced by the corpus luteum
• Acts with estrogen to bring about the
menstrual cycle
• Helps in the implantation of an embryo in
the uterus