SEPTUM FORMATION IN THE VENTRICLES

 The medial walls - apposed

and gradually fuse together
and form muscular portion
of interventricular septum.
 The space between the free
rim of the muscular
ventricular septum and the
fused endocardial cushions
permits communication
between the two ventricles.
 The interventricular foramen, reduces in size with completion of
the conus septum.
 Closure of the foramen by outgrowth of tissue from the inferior
endocardial cushion
 After complete closure, the interventricular foramen becomes the
membranous part of the interventricular septum.
 SEMILUNAR VALVES
 When partitioning of the truncus has almost been complete,
primordia of the semilunar valves become visible as small
tubercles.
 These tubercles are found on the main truncus swellings, and one
of each pair is assigned to the pulmonary and aortic channels,
respectively.

 (55555
 Opposite the fused truncus swellings, a third tubercle
appears in both channels.
 Gradually, the tubercles are hollowed out at their upper
surface, thus forming the semilunar valves.
 Role of Neural Crest cells in important

(6,7 &9 wks of development)

CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
 Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
 It involves the membranous or muscular portion of the septum. It is
the most common congenital cardiac malformations.

Dextrocardia
It is caused by the formation of the cardiac loop to the left rather than
the right.
 Tetralogy of Fallot
 The defect is due to the unequal division of the conus, resulting from
anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum.

 It includes four defects

 Persistent truncus arteriosus:
 It results when the conotruncal ridges fail to fuse and to descend
toward the ventricles.
 The persistent truncus is always accompanied by a defective
interventricular septum.
 Transposition of the great vessels
 It occurs when the conotruncal septum fails to follow its
normal spiral course and descends straight downwards.
 As a result, the aorta originates from the right ventricle
and the pulmonary artery originates from the left ventricle.
AORTIC VALVULAR STENOSIS & ATRESIA
 FORMATION OF CONDUCTING SYSTEM
OF HEART
 Initially,the pacemaker for the heart lies in the caudal
part of the left cardiac tube.

 Later, the sinus venosus assumes this function, and as

the sinus is incorporated into the right atrium,
pacemaker tissue lies near the opening of the superior
vena cava. Thus the sinuatrial node is formed.

 The atrioventricular node and bundle (bundle of

His) are derived from two sources:
 Cells in the left wall of sinus venosus
 Cells from the atrioventricular canal
VASCULAR SYSTEM
Blood vessels & blood
cells arise from
mesoderm
 The first blood islands appear in mesoderm of the wall of yolk
sac at 3rd week of development.
 These islands form hemangioblast , a common precursor for
vessel and blood cells formation.
 The definitive hematopoietic stem cells arise from mesoderm
around aorta in AGM region, which colonize Liver and do
hemopoesis from 2nd-7th month.
 Stem cells from liver then colonize bone marrow.
 Vasculogenesis formation of new blood vessels.
major vessels (Aorta & cardinal veins)
 Angiogenesis sprouting of vessels from the existing vessels

Hemangioblasts are induced by vascular endothelial growth

factor(VEGF) secreted by mesodermal cells
AORTIC ARCHES

 These are known as aortic arches and arise from the aortic sac, the most
distal part of truncus arteriosus.
 The aortic arches terminate in the right and left dorsal aortae which later
fuse in the caudal region to form single vessel.
 The aortic sac contributes a branch to each new arch as it forms, thus giving
rise to total of five pairs of arteries.
 Cranial to caudal sequence
AORTIC ARCHES
 Division of the truncus arteriosus by the aortico-
pulmonary septum divides the outflow channel of the
heart into the ventral aorta and the pulmonary
trunk.
 The aortic sac then forms right and left horns, which
subsequently give rise to the brachiocephalic artery
and the proximal segment of the aortic arch
respectively.
CHANGES IN AORTIC ARCH

1. The 1st aortic- maxillary artery.

2. The 2nd aortic arch -hyoid and the stapedial
arteries.
CHANGES IN AORTIC ARCH
The 3rd aortic arch forms the common
carotid artery and the first part of the
internal carotid artery. The external carotid
artery is a sprout of the 3rd aortic arch.
The 4th aortic arch persists on both sides. Its ultimate
fate is different on each side.
a) On the right, it forms the most proximal segment of the
right subclavian artery.
b) On the left, it forms part of the arch of aorta
 The 5th aortic arch either never forms or forms
incompletely and then disappears.
6. The 6th aortic arch (pulmonary arch) gives off an important
branch that grows toward the developing lung bud.
a) On the right, proximal part- right pulmonary artery. distal
part -disappears
b) On the left, left pulmonary artery and the ductus
arteriosus*.
OTHER CHANGES IN THE ARCH SYSTEM

 The dorsal aorta located between the entrance of the 3rd and
4th arches, known as the carotid duct, is obliterated.
 Cephalic folding, growth of the forebrain, and elongation of
the neck cause the heart to descend into the thoracic cavity.
 Carotid and brachiocephalic arteries elongate considerably.
 Origin of the left subclavian artery shifts higher up until it
comes close to the origin of the left common carotid artery.
 The course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve becomes
different on the right and left sides.
 Initially these nerves supply the 6th pharyngeal arches.
 When the heart descends, they hook around the 6th
aortic arches and then ascend again to the larynx, thus
accounting for their recurrent course.
 On the right, the recurrent laryngeal nerve moves up and hooks
around the right subclavian artery.
 On the left, the nerve does not move up, since the distal part of
the 6th aortic arch persists as the ductus arteriosus which later
forms the ligamentum arteriosum.
INTERSEGMENTAL ARTERIES
 Approx. 30 segmental branches off of dorsal aorta
 Carry blood to somites and their derivatives.

 Persisting segmental arteries —

Intercostal
Lumbar
Common iliac
Lateral sacral
Median sacral
 DERIVATIVES OF THE AORTIC ARCHES

1 Maxillary arteries
2 Hyoid and stapedial arteries
3 Common carotid and first part of the internal carotid
arteries*
4 Right side - Right subclavian artery (proximal
portion)**
Left side - Arch of the aorta from, the left
common carotid to the left subclavian arteries***
6 Right side - Right pulmonary artery
Left side - Left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosus

*remaining part dorsal aorta

**distal part + Lt subclavian artery 7 th intersegmental arteries
***proximal part + brachiocephalic trunk- aortic sac
Unpaired branches from the dorsal aorta
Caudal end of the dorsal aorta becomes the
median sacral artery:
VITELLINE ARTERIES
 Celiac, Superior & inferior mesenteric arteries
UMBLICAL ARTERIES
 Proximal portion- internal iliac & superior vesical
arteries
 Distal portion- obliterated to form medial umblical
ligaments
 CORONARY ARTERIES
 Two sources
 Angioblast (formed elsewhere and distributed over surface of
heart by migration of pro-epicardial cells
 Epicardium (mesenchymal transition induced by underlying
myocardium)The newly formed mesenchymal cells then
contribute to endothelial and smooth muscle cells of coronary
arteries
 Neural crest cells also contribute smooth muscle cells along
proximal segments of arteries
 Connection of coronary arteries to Aorta occurs by ingrowth of
arterial endothelial cells into aorta
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
1. PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS
 is one of the most frequently occurring abnormalities
of the great vessels, especially in premature infants.
Defects that cause large difference between aortic and
pulmonary pressures and the increased blood flow
through the ductus prevents its closure.
2) COARCTATION OF AORTA

 Aortic lumen below the origin of the left sub-clavian artery is

significantly narrowed.
 Is of two types:
 Preductal : ductus arteriosus persists
 Postductal : ductus arteriosus is usually obliterated
3. ABNORMAL ORIGIN OF THE RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

 Occurs when the arteries formed by the distal portion of the right dorsal aorta
and the seventh intersegmental artery.
 The right 4th aortic arch and the proximal part of the right dorsal aorta are
obliterated.
 It crosses the mid-line behind the esophagus to reach the right arm
 Neither the esophagus nor the trachea is severely compressed
4. DOUBLE AORTIC ARCH

 The right dorsal aorta persists between the origin of the seventh
intersegmental artery and its junction with the left dorsal aorta.
 Vascular ring surrounds the trachea and esophagus and commonly
compresses the structures causing difficulties in breathing and
swallowing.