NATIONAL TRANSMISSION &

DESPATCH COMPANY (NTDC) LIMITED

PAKISTAN

High Voltage
Voltage AND SHORT CIRCUIT
LAB RA!AT

I"te#"$hi% Re%o#t

S'itte B*+
Muhammad Mohsin

1
Co"te"t$
Abstract:...........................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction:..............................................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Type Test:............................................................................................................................3
1.1.2 Routine Test:.......................................................................................................................3
1.1.3 Special Test:........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Generator:..................................................................................................................................3
2.0 Observations:.............................................................................................................................5
2.1 Tests:......................................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 i!!erentiation on t"e #asis o! Test Type:............................................... ........................5
2.1.2 i!!erentiation on t"e #asis o! Section Type:.................................................................5
2.2 S"ort $ircuit Test:......................................................................................................................%
2.2.1 S"ort $ircuit Testin& 'acilities:..............................................................................................(
2.3 Trans!or)er Turn Ratio Test:................................................................ .................................. ...(
2.* Resistance:.................................................................................................................................+
2.5 ,o -oad -osses:................................................................................ ..................................... 10
2.One /inute oer 'reuency it"stand Test:........................................................................11
2.% Induce Over 4olta&e Test:........................................................................................................12
2.( li&"tnin& i)pulse Test:.............................................................................................................13
3.0 $onclusion:..............................................................................................................................1*
*.0 Re!erences:..............................................................................................................................15

2
A'$t#a,t+
In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat, diferent types o 
test are perormed to chec! the de"ices by applying diferent #eld
conditions$ Ater the tests, it is chec!ed that either the de"ice has
withstood the test or not$ In short Circuit test all the routine
test%&ransormer &urn Ratio, 'inding Resistance, (o Load Losses
etc) are to be perormed beore and ater the short circuit test$
*eore short Circuit Routine test con#rms that either transormer
is #t or short circuit test or not and Ater short circuit Routine
test con#rms that either the de"ice has withstood short circuit or
not$

3
 -./ I"t#o,tio"+
High Voltage and short circuit lab is used to test the diferent
de"ices by applying ma+imum se"ere condition on the de"ice$ I 
de"ice withstand with the condition then test is said to be passed
otherwise test is said to be ailed$ Ma+imum se"ere conditions are
those conditions that can actually be happened with de"ice in the
#eld$
 &here are two sections in the High Voltage and Short Circuit labs$
$ High -ower
.$ High Voltage
/or con#rming the speci#cations and perormances o a
distribution transormer it has to go through numbers o testing
procedures$ &here are three types o test which are done in HV 0
SC Labs$
$ &ype &est
.$ Routine &est
1$ Special &est
-.-.- T*%e Te$t+
Some transormer tests are carried out or con#rming the basic
design e+pectation o that transormer$ &hese tests are done
mainly in a prototype unit not in all manuactured units in a lot$
 &ype test o transormer con#rms main and basic design criteria o 
a production lot$
-.-.0 Roti"e Te$t +
Routine tests o transormer is mainly or con#rming operational
perormance o indi"idual unit in a production lot$ Routine tests
are carried out on e"ery unit manuactured$
-.-.1 S%e,ial Te$t+
Special tests o transormer is done as per customer re2uirement
to obtain inormation useul to the user during operation or
maintenance o the transormer$

-.0 2e"e#ato#+
Short Circuit 3enerator in High "oltage and short Circuit Lab Can
produce ma+imum "oltages o 45V%4666V)$ &his means that

*
ma+imum capability o -roducing "oltages o generator is
4666V$7ther Characteristics o the generator are as ollows$
$ Speed o 3enerator is 866 rpm%Radian -er Minute)$
.$ /re2uency o the 3enerator is 86H9$
1$ 3enerator has &hree -hases and /our -oles$
:$ Ma+imum Current is 146;A$
8$ /ield Current is ;.:A$
4$ <+citing Voltages o 3enerator is 866V$
*eore the generator there is a induction motor which is used to
run generator$ Initially, generator is run on almost rpm o . or =6
to .6 minutes$ &he initially low rpm is used to maintain the
temperature o oil$

5
0./ O'$e#3atio"$+
0.- Te$t$+
 &here are diferent tests which are done in HV 0 SC Labs$ &hese
tests can be diferentiated on the basis o &est type and Section
 &ype$
0.-.- Di4e#e"tiatio" o" the Ba$i$ o5 Te$t T*%e+
 &here are three diferent types o tests$
Roti"e Te$t$+
$ &&R &est%&ransormer &urn Ratio &est)
.$ Short Circuit &est
1$ Resisti"e LV and HV
:$ 'inding Resistance%-rimary and Secondary)
8$ (o Load Losses%Iron Losses)
4$ Load Losses%Copper Losses)
>$ -ower /re2uency &est
;$ Induce 7"er Voltage &est
T*%e Te$t+
$ &emperature Rise &est
.$ ?i@<lectric &ype &est
1$ Lightning Impulse &est
S%e,ial Te$t+
$ Measurement o Acoustic (oise Le"el
.$ Measurement o the power ta!en by the ans and oil pumps

0.-.0 Di4e#e"tiatio" o" the Ba$i$ o5 Se,tio" T*%e+

As we !now,there are two sections in High Voltage And Short
Circuit Lab Rawat i$e High -ower and High Voltage$
High Po6e#+

$ &&R %&ransormer &urn Ratio) &est

.$ Short Circuit &est$
1$ Load Losses &est
:$ (o Load Losses &est


 8$ 'inding Resistance &est%-rimary And Secoandary)
High Voltage+
$ Lightning Impulse Voltage 'ithstand &est
.$ -ower /re2uency Voltage 'ithstand &est
1$ Induce 7"er Voltage 'ithstand &est
:$ -artial ?ischarge &est
8$ Radio Inuence Voltage
4$ Humidity &est
>$ Salt /og &est

%
 0.0 Sho#t Ci#,it Te$t+
Sometimes in the #eld due to some e+ternal distortion all the
phases are short circuited$ So either it will withstand that short
circuit or some time or notB
In HV 0 SC lab, this type o shot circuit #eld is made to test the
de"ice by applying short circuit test$ *eore short circuit test some
routine tests are to be done to chec! either transormer is #t or
the short circuit test or not$ /irst o all &emperature o the
transormer is measured$ &hen, &ransormer turn ratio is chec!ed
and then winding resistance and (o Load Losses are measured$
Ater the routine tests short circuit test is to be done$ Short Circuit
test is also use to #nd load losses which are also called copper
losses$
/or short circuit test, we need to eed the transormer with rated
current to either H& side o the transormer or to the L& side o the
transormer by !eeping the other side short circuited$ As it is easy
to attain rated current or HV side because current on HV side is
less than the Current on LV side$ So, in short circuit test we will
gi"e Rated Current to the HV side o the &ransormer$
 &otal = shots o short circuit are ta!en$ <ach shot is applied or
866ms$

 &he connection diagram or short

circuit test on transormer is shown in
the #gure$ A "oltmeter, wattmeter,
and an ammeter are connected in HV
side o the transormer as shown$ &he
"oltage at rated re2uency is applied
to that HV side with the help o a
"ariac o "ariable ratio auto
transormer$

 &he LV side o the transormer is short

circuited$ (ow with the help o 
"ariable applied "oltage is slowly
increased until the ammeter  gi"es
reading e2ual to the rated current o 

(
the HV side$ Ater reaching at rated current o HV side, all three
instruments reading %Voltmeter,

Recorded$ &he ammeter reading gi"es the primary e2ui"alent o 

ull load current$ As the "oltage  applied or ull load current in
short circuit test on transormer is 2uite small compared to the
rated primary "oltage o the transormer, the core losses in
transormer can be ta!en as negligible here$

0.0.- Sho#t Ci#,it Te$ti"g 7a,ilitie$+

S"ort $ircuit Generator :
4!", 86H9, 1 -hases, : -oles, 866rpm
*ac!up Circuit *rea!er
1-hases, Indoor &ype, 4!V, 86H9
Ma!ing Switch
1DSingle -ole, Indoor &ype, Air *last &ype, 45V, 15A
Current Limiting Reactor
45V, 86H9 EF6$6, 6$6., 6$6:, 6$6;, 6$4, 6$1., 6$4:,
$.;, .$84, 8$.
?isconnecting Switch
Manual 7peration with Au+iliary Switches
Short Circuit &ransormer
Single -hase, 7utdoor &ype, 86 MVA *asis
Low Voltage High Current &ransormer
I -hase, Indoor &ype, 4!"G.86VD.
Main Capacitor *an!
Ma+imum ?c Voltages :;65V at .$8micro /arad ma+
capacitance :6micro /arad at .65V$
Air Core Reactor
/or Adusting Amplitude and re2uency o inection
Current rom Main Capacitor *an!

0.1 T#a"$5o#e# T#" Ratio Te$t+

 &ransormer &urn ratio test is perormed to chec! the "oltage ratio
o primary to secondary windings$ In High Voltage And Short
Circuit Lab, &ransormer &urn Ratio is measured by using Multi@
Amp &ransormer 7hmmeter$  &he perormance o a transormer

+
 largely depends upon perection o speci#c turns or "oltage ratio
o transormer$ So transormer ratio test is an essential type test
o transormer$ &he "oltage  should be applied only in the high
"oltage winding in order to a"oid unsae "oltage$
/ollowing is the procedure to perorm the test and measure the
 &ransormer turn Ratio by Voltage Ratio &esting$
$ /irst, the tap changer o transormer is !ept in the lowest
position and LV terminals are !ept open
.$ &hen apply 1 phase :8 V supply on HV terminals$ Measure
the "oltages applied on each phase %-hase to phase) on HV
and induced "oltages at LV terminals simultaneously$
1$ Ater measuring the "oltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap
changer o transormer should be raised by one position and
repeat test$
:$ Repeat the same or each o the tap position separately$

/ollowing is the procedure to perorm the test and measure the

 &ransormer turn Ratio by &urn Ratio &esting
$ &ransormer ratio test can be done by &ransormer &urns
Ratio Meter %Multi Amp &ransormer 7hmmeter)$ It has in
built power supply, with the "oltages commonly used being
"ery low, such as ;, 6 V and 86 H9$
.$ &he HV and LV windings o one phase o a transormer %i$e$ R@
  0 r@n) are connected to the instrument$
1$ Values are recorded at each tap in case o tapped windings
and then compared to calculated ratio at the same tap$

 &ransormer turn ratio is calculated by the ollowing ormula

 AB
TTR=
an

 &he allowable tolerance in the "alue is J@6$8K$

0.8 Re$i$ta",e+

'inding resistance measurements in transormers are o 

undamental importance or the ollowing purposes
$ Calculations o the I.R component o conductor losses$

10
.$ Calculation o winding temperature at the end o a temperature
test cycle$
1$ As a base or assessing possible damage in the #eld$

 &ransormers are subect to "ibration$ -roblems or aults occur

due to poor design, assembly, handing, poor en"ironments,
o"erloading or poor maintenance$ Measuring the resistance o the
windings assures that the connections are correct and the
resistance measurements indicate that there are no se"ere
mismatches or opens$ Many transormers ha"e taps built into
them$ &hese taps allow ratio to be increased or decreased by
ractions o a percent$ Any o the ratio changes in"ol"e a
mechanical mo"ement o a contact rom one position to another$
 &hese tap changes will also be chec!ed during a winding
resistance test$
 &he resistance o the transormer is measured to chec! the ?C
resistance o the windings o the transormer$ &he ?C "oltage
gi"en or this purpose ha"ing such magnitude that should not
afect the inter turn insulation o the windings$ &he resistance is
measured rom both H& side o the transormer and also rom the
L& side o the transormer$ In HV and SC Lab, the output "alues o 
resistance is then con"erted into  .6C ater the "alues ta!en at
ambient temperature in order to compare these "alues with -ost
Short Circuit resistance "alues$

*eore measurement the transormer should be !ept in 7//

condition without e+citation at least or 1 to : hours$ ?uring this
time the winding temperature will become e2ual to its oil
temperature$ Measurement is done with ?C$ &o minimi9e
obser"ation errors, polarity o the core magneti9ation shall be
!ept constant during all resistance readings$ Voltmeter leads shall
be independent o the current leads to protect it rom high
"oltages which may occur during switching on and of the current
circuit$ &he readings shall be ta!en ater the current and "oltage
ha"e reached steady state "alues$ In some cases this may ta!e
se"eral minutes depending upon the winding impedance$ &he test
current shall not e+ceed 8K o the rated current o the winding$
Large "alues may cause inaccuracy by heating the winding and
thereby changing its resistance$

11
 0.9 No Loa Lo$$e$+
 &hese are also called iron losses or core losses$ &he test method
which is used to calculate these losses is called open circuit test$
And to calculate these losses we need to apply rated "oltage
either to H&%666) side or L&%:8) side$ AS it is easy to attain
:8 "olts instead o 66 "olts so we will apply rated "oltage to
L& side o the transormer$ Core is made up o NColled Rollen 3rain
7riented Silicon SteelO sheet material$ &hese are #+ed losses
irrespecti"e o load$
Iron losses is urther classi#ed into losses$
)HysteresisLosses
 &o reduce this losses ,silicon steel is used$
.) <ddy Current Losses
It is directly -ropotional to thic!ness o core$ &o reduce this
loss laminated core is used$
 &he connection diagram or open circuit test on transormer is
shown in the #gure$ A "oltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are
connected in LV side o the transormer as shown$ &he "oltage at
rated re2uency is applied to that LV side with the help o a "ariac
o "ariable ratio auto transormer$

 &he HV side o the transormer is !ept open$ (ow with the help o 
"ariac, applied "oltage gets slowly increased until the "oltmeter
gi"es reading e2ual to the rated "oltage o the LV side$ Ater
reaching at rated LV side "oltage, all three instruments reading
%Voltmeter, Ammeter and 'attmeter readings) are recorded$

12
0.:O"e Mi"te Po6e# 7#e;e",* !ith$ta" Te$t+
<lectrical e2uipment must be capable o withstanding
o"er"oltagePs during operation$ &hus by suitable testing
procedure we must ensure that this is done$ High "oltage testing
can be broadly classi#ed into testing o insulating materials
%samples o dielectrics) and tests on completed e2uipment$
 &he test is basically used to chec! the insulation le"el o HV
to LV, HV to body, e"en oil itsel and bushing o transormer$
)7n HV side
It is re2uired to gi"e 1:!V%phase) or one minute to HV side by
!eeping LV side and body grounded$ It should withstand 1:!V or
one minute$ In case the oil is contaminated, or clearances, i$e HV
to LV, HV to body, and HV to core, are less suQcient, then the
"oltage will get path towards that wea!er point and is detected in
the orm o lea!age current,and ailing the transormer to
withstand the gi"en "oltage$
.)7n LV Side

It is re2uired to gi"e .!V%phase) or one minute to HV side by

!eeping LV side and body grounded$ It should withstand .!V or
one minute$ In case the oil is contaminated, or clearances, i$e HV
to LV, HV to body, and HV to core, are less suQcient, then the
"oltage will get path towards that wea!er point and is detected in
the orm o lea!age current,and ailing the transormer to
withstand the gi"en "oltage$
It is assumed that o"er "oltage conditions, at power re2uency
cannot be sustained beyond one minute time moreo"er it is
actually sustained or much less time than one minute duration$
 &his test is carried out to "eriy whether the insulation pro"ided in
the main circuit o brea!er is capable o withstanding power
re2uency o"er "oltages or long one minute duration or not$ &he
test is perormed in dry conditions o the brea!er$ &he power
re2uency "oltages, applied to the brea!er during the test, are
speci#ed in the standard as per the nominal "oltage le"el o the
system$

0.< I",e O3e# Voltage Te$t+

13
 &he test is basically used to chec! inter turn insulation o the
windings$ 'e need to apply double the "oltage and double the
re2uency to LV side by !eeping HV side open Circuited$ Here at
HV0SC Lab, there is  phase generator with .66 H9 re2uency$
 &est "oltage applied to LV side can be calculated as ollows$

Voltage F :8G √ 3 F.:6D. F:;6V

(ow :;6 test "oltage will be applied by !eeping re2uency :

times o the rated re2uency as shown in #gure i$e 86H9D: F
.66H9$

 &he time re2uired or this test is calculated by using ollowing

ormula$

 Rated Frequency∗120
T =
Test Frequency  sec

i$e or 66H9 the time re2uired will be 46 sec or  minute and i$e
or .66H9 the time will be 16 sec 6r 6$8min$

0.= light"i"g i%l$e Te$t+

Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because
o their tall height$ &his lightning stro!e on the line conductor
causes impulse "oltage$ &he terminal e2uipment o transmission
line such as power transormer  then e+periences this lightning
impulse "oltages$ Again during all !ind o online switching
operation in the system, there will be switching impulses occur in
the networ!$ &he magnitude o the switching impulses may be
about 1$8 times the system "oltage$
Insulation is one o the most important constituents o a
transormer$ Any wea!ness in the insulation may cause ailure o 
transormer$ &o ensure the efecti"eness o the insulation system
o a transormer, it must con#rms the dielectric test$ *ut the
power re2uency withstand test alone can not be ade2uate to

1*
 demonstrate the dielectric strength o a transormer$ &hat is why
impulse test o transormer perormed on it$ *oth lightning
impulse test and switching impulse test are included in this
category o testing$
Light"i"g I%l$e+
 &he lightning impulse is a pure natural phenomenon$ So it is "ery
diQcult to predict the actual wa"e shape o an lightning
disturbance$ /rom the data compiled about natural lightning, it
may be concluded that the system disturbance due to natural
lightning stro!e, can be represented by three basic wa"e shapes$
) /ull wa"e
.) Chopped wa"e and
1) /ront o wa"e
Although the actual lightning impulse disturbance may not ha"e
e+actly these three shapes but by de#ning these wa"es one can
establish a minimum impulse dielectric strength o a transormer$
I lighting disturbance tra"els some distance along the
transmission line beore it reaches the transormer, its wa"e
shape may approach to ull wa"e$
I during tra"eling, i ash@o"er occurs at any insulator o the
transmission line, ater the pea! o the wa"e has been reached,
the wa"e may become in orm o chopped wa"e$
I the lightning stro!e directly hits the transormer terminals, the
impulse "oltage rises rapidly until it is relie"ed by a ash o"er$ At
the instant o ash @ o"er the "oltage suddenly collapses and may
orm the ront o wa"e shape$

 &he efect o these wa"e orms on the transormer insulation may

be diferent rom each other$ 'e are not going here in detail
discussion o what type o impulse "oltage  wa"e orms causes
what type o ailure in transormer$ *ut whate"er may be the
shape o lightning disturbance "oltage wa"e, all o them can
cause insulation ailure in transormer$ So lighting impulse test o 
transormer is one o the most important type test o 
transormer$&his test is applied or $. micro sec ront time with
16K tolerance and 86 micro second retail time with .6K
tolerance$
S6it,hi"g I%l$e+

15
 &hrough studies and obser"ations re"eal that the switching o"er
"oltage or switching impulse may ha"e ront time o se"eral
hundred microseconds and this "oltage may be periodically
damped out$ &he I<C @ 466646 has adopted or their switching
impulse test, a long wa"e ha"ing ront time .86 s and time to
hal "alue .866 s with tolerances$
 &he purpose o the impulse "oltage  test is to secure that the
transormer insulation withstand the lightning o"er"oltage which
may occur in ser"ice$

1./ Co",l$io"+
In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat, diferent types o
test are perormed to chec! the de"ices by applying diferent #eld
conditions$ Ater the tests, it is chec!ed that either the de"ice has
withstood the test or not$ In short Circuit test all the routine
test%&ransormer &urn Ratio, 'inding Resistance, (o Load Losses
etc) are to be perormed beore and ater the short circuit test$
*eore short Circuit Routine test con#rms that either transormer
is #t or short circuit test or not and Ater short circuit Routine
test con#rms that either the de"ice has withstood short circuit or
not$

1
8./ Re5e#e",e$+
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