INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
NTDC Multan

Submitted To
Engr.Mujahid Hussain

Submitted By
Muhammad Ahsan
Roll No. 2K15-ELE-134
B.Sc Electrical Engineering
SESSION: 2015 –2019

NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology Multan

My humble efforts during the internship

and preparation of this report are

dedicated to my Parents and Friends who

give much guidance and congenial

support to me.
Table of Contents
Preface.....................................................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................................................4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................................6
National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC)......................................................................7
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................7
MISSION STATEMENT NTDC...........................................................................................................7
Managing Director..................................................................................................................................7
Board of Director (BOD)........................................................................................................................7
ORGANOGRAM OF NTDC.................................................................................................................8
Current projects......................................................................................................................................8
Region wise grid station.........................................................................................................................8
500 KV grid station.................................................................................................................................8
Islamabad................................................................................................................................................8
Lahore......................................................................................................................................................9
Multan......................................................................................................................................................9
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM.................................................................................................................10
CIRCUIT BREAKER..........................................................................................................................11
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER......................................................................................................11
Oil Circuit Breaker...............................................................................................................................11
Air Circuit Breaker..............................................................................................................................11
SF6 Circuit Breaker.............................................................................................................................12
Types of SF6 Circuit Breaker..............................................................................................................13
Vacuum Circuit Breaker......................................................................................................................13
RELAYS................................................................................................................................................14
TYPES OF RELAYS USED AT 500 KV GRID STATION.............................................................14
Distance Relay.......................................................................................................................................14
Buchholz Relay......................................................................................................................................14
Overcurrent and earth-fault relay......................................................................................................15
Auto Recloser........................................................................................................................................15
WAVE TRAP........................................................................................................................................15
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................................16
 Preface
"Anything learnt by practice is worthy than by theory."

Our degree is a professional one, and a professional must has technical knowledge, which is achieved
through experiences.
It is the requirement for the completion of BSC Electrical Engineering degree that the students has to
spend at least 4-6 weeks in an organization as internee after completing most part of his course.
Internship has specific purposes. It provides real life environment to students where they can
implement their knowledge practically, improve their analytic and leadership skills and enhance their
capabilities in different aspect of business field. At the end of their course they have to write a report
as the requirement of degree, which improve their writing skills.

I did my internship in NTDC 500KV grid Station Multan.

I arranged the contents of this report during my internship and all facts present in this report are true to
my best knowledge.

Muhammad Ahsan
B.Sc. (Electrical)
NFC-IET Multan
 Acknowledgement

“In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful”

All praises and thanks are for ALMIGHTY ALLAH who is entire source of all knowledge
and wisdom to mankind.
Special praises for the HOLY PROPHET MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H) who forever is touch of
knowledge and goodness for humanity as a whole on the successful completion of the project. The
completion of this report was possible for me, but the cooperation and encourage that I received from parents,
teacher and friends that made my job easier.
Specially, I am heartedly thankful to Engr.Nouman Kashif for his fore sighted vision and sympathetic
guidance. I would say that without his kind supervision and help I would have not been in a position to make
my internship productive and a pleasant learning experience.
Thanking you all for your sincere and cordial assistance and supervision.

Muhammad Ahsan
B.Sc. (Electrical)
NFC-IET Multan
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An electrical grid station is an interconnection point between two transmission ring circuits, often
between two geographic regions. They might have a transformer, depending on the possibly different
voltages, so that the voltage levels can be adjusted as needed.
Grid station regulates and controls the power between interconnected transmission lines to increase the
reliability of the power system. It receive power from the power station at extremely high voltage and
then convert these voltage to some low levels and supplied electric power to the sub stations or to
other grid stations at the same voltage level according to the requirements.
National grid system of Pakistan contains an interconnected group of transmission lines in a ring
system. It covers most of the power stations of the country in this single ring and supplied electric
power to the different areas of the country. Main function of the grid station is switching between the
connected line stations and the load centers. This report comprises on the basics of the 500KV grid
station. It includes the functions and necessary information about the elements of the 500 KV grid
station, NTDC, Multan.
 National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC)
Introduction
National Transmission & Despatch Company (NTDC) was incorporated on 6th November, 1998 and
commenced commercial operation on 24th December, 1998. It was organized to take over all the
properties, rights and assets obligations and liabilities of 220 KV and 500KV Grid Stations and
Transmission Lines/Network owned by Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA).
NTDC was granted Transmission License No.TL/01//2002 on 31st December 2002 by National
Electric Power Regularity Authority (NEPRA) to engage in the exclusive transmission business for a
term of thirty (30) years, pursuant to Section 17 of the Regulation of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution of Electric Power Act, 1997.
MISSION STATEMENT NTDC
Mission statement of NTDC is “To contribute in the development of prosperous Pakistan by managing
smooth and economical transmission and despatch system through excellence of professional work”.
Managing Director
DR. FIAZ AHMAD CHAUDHARY is the managing director of NTDC.
Board of Director (BOD)
1. Mr. BABAR IQBAL, Chairman
2. Mr. AJMAL JAMIL, Director
3. Mr. GHIASUDDIN Ahmed, Director
4. Engr. MAHFUZ-UR-REHMAN Pasha, Director
5. Mr. WAZIR ALI BHAYO, Director
6. Mr. NASIR GULZAR, Director
7. Mr. OMER RASUL, Additional Secretary (Power) Ministry of Water and Power/Director
8. Mr. ZAFAR ABBAS, Joint Secretary (Transmission) Ministry of Water and Power/Director
9. Mr. Shah JAHAN MIRZA, Managing Director PPIB/ Director
10. Dr. FIAZ AHMAD CHAUDHRY, M.D NTDC / Director
ORGANOGRAM OF NTDC

Current projects
1. New D.G. Khan 500kV Sub-Station and Transmission Line
2. Dispersal of Power from JARWAR (IPP JARWAR — SADIQABAD 132 kV Double Circuit
Transmission Line)
3. New OKARA 220 kV Sub-Station Transmission Line
4. 660 MW Coal Fired Power Plant Construction Project at LAKHRA in Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
5. 500 KV transmission line from Faisalabad to GHATTI
6. 500 KV transmission line MUZAFARGARH
7. 220 KV transmission line from Faisalabad to LALIAN
8. ±660KV HVDC Transmission line From MATIARI to Lahore
NTDC operates and maintains fourteen 500 KV and thirty eight 220 KV Grid Stations, 5110.48 km of
500 KV transmission line and 9686.32 km of 220 KV transmission line in Pakistan.
Region wise grid station
Name of regions and number of grid station working in that regions are discussed below.
500 KV grid station
Islamabad
There are total nine numbers of grid stations in Islamabad. Two 500 KV and seven 220KV grid
stations are working in Islamabad.
500 KV grid stations under NTDC Islamabad are located at
 RAWAT
  SHEIKH MUHAMMADI PESHAWAR
 200 KV grid station
 BANNU
 DAUD KHEL
 SHAHI BAGH
 UNIVERSITY
 BURHAN
 MURDAN
 SANGHJANI
Lahore
Nineteen grid station are working in Lahore, which include 3 500 KV grid station and 16 220 kV grid
stations.
500 KV grid station under supervision of NTDC Lahore are located at
 SHIEKHUPURW
 GHATI
 NOKHAR
 220 KV grid station under NTDC Lahore are located at
 GHAKHAR
 BUNDROAD
 KALA SHA KAKU
 JARANWALA
 NISHATBAD
 LADEWALA
 RAVI
 NEW KOT LAKHPAT
 SAHUWALA
 SARFRAZ NAGHAR
 SHALAMAR
 WAPDA TOWN
 BANDALA
 SUMUNDRIROAD
 TOPA TEKH SING
 GHAZI ROAD
Multan
Four 500 KV grid stations and five 220 KV grid stations are working under supervision of NTDC
Multan.
500 KV grid stations are located at
 DG KHAN
 MUZAFARGARH
 NEW MULTAN
 YOSAFWALA
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Electrical Circuit Breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually as well as
automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively. As the modern
power system deals with huge currents, the special attention should be given during the designing
of circuit breaker to safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of circuit breaker.
Circuit breakers can be classified by considering either of the following two media.
 Operating Media
 Arc Quenching Media
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
According to their arc quenching media the circuit breaker can be divided as 
 Oil Circuit Breaker
 Air Circuit Breaker
 SF6 Circuit Breaker
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
Oil Circuit Breaker
Mineral oil has better insulating property than air. In oil circuit breaker the fixed contact and moving
contact are immerged inside the insulating oil. Whenever there is a separation of current carrying
contacts in the oil, the arc is initialized at the moment of separation of contacts, and due to this arc the
oil is vaporized and decomposed in mostly hydrogen gas and ultimately creates a hydrogen bubble
around the arc. This highly compressed gas bubble around the arc prevents re-striking of the arc after
current reaches zero crossing of the cycle. The Oil Circuit Breaker is the one of the oldest type of
circuit breakers.
Working Principle of Oil Circuit Breaker
When the current carrying contacts in the oil are separated an arc is established in between the
separated contacts.
Actually, when separation of contacts has just started, distance between the current contacts is small as
a result the voltage gradient between contacts becomes high. This high voltage gradient between the
contacts ionized the oil and consequently initiates arcing between the contacts. This arc will produce a
large amount of heat in surrounding oil and vaporizes the oil and decomposes the oil in mostly
hydrogen and a small amount of methane, ethylene and acetylene. The hydrogen gas can not remain in
molecular form and its is broken into its atomic form releasing lot of heat. The arc temperature may
reach up to 50000K. Due to this high temperature the gas is liberated surround the arc very rapidly and
forms an excessively fast growing gas bubble around the arc. It is found that the mixture of gases
occupies a volume about one thousand times that of the oil decomposed. From this figure we can
assume how fast the gas bubble around the arc will grow in size. If this growing gas bubble around the
arc is compressed by any means then rate of de – ionization process of ionized gaseous media in
between the contacts will accelerate which rapidly increase the dielectric strength between the contacts
and consequently the arc will be quenched at zero crossing of the current cycle. This is the basic
operation of oil circuit breaker. In addition to that cooling effect of hydrogen gas surround the arc path
also helps, the quick arc quenching in oil circuit breaker.
Air Circuit Breaker
This type of circuit breakers, is those kind of circuit breaker which operates in air at atmospheric
pressure. After development of oil breaker, the medium voltage air circuit breaker (ACB) is replaced
completely by oil circuit breaker in different countries. But in countries like France and Italy, ACBs
are still preferable choice up to voltage 15 KV. It is also good choice to avoid the risk of oil fire, in
case of oil circuit breaker. In America ACBs were exclusively used for the system up to 15 KV until
the development of new vacuum and SF6 circuit breakers.
Working principle of Air Circuit Breaker
The working principle of this breaker is rather different from those in any other types of circuit
breakers. The main aim of all kind of circuit breaker is to prevent the reestablishment of arcing after
current zero by creating a situation where in the contact gap will withstand the system recovery
voltage. The air circuit breaker does the same but in different manner. For interrupting arc it creates an
arc voltage in excess of the supply voltage. Arc voltage is defined as the minimum voltage required
maintaining the arc. This circuit breaker increases the arc voltage by mainly three different ways,
It may increase the arc voltage by cooling the arc plasma. As the temperature of arc plasma is
decreased, the mobility of the particle in arc plasma is reduced; hence more voltage gradient is
required to maintain the arc.
It may increase the arc voltage by lengthening the arc path. As the length of arc path is increased, the
resistance of the path is increased, and hence to maintain the same arc current more voltage is required
to be applied across the arc path. That means arc voltage is increased.
Splitting up the arc into a number of series arcs also increases the arc voltage.
SF6 Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker in which the current carrying contacts operate in Sulphur Hexafluoride or SF6 gas is
known as an SF6 Circuit Breaker.
SF6 has excellent insulating property. SF6 has high electro-negativity. That means it has high affinity
of absorbing free electron. Whenever a free electron collides with the SF6 gas molecule, it is absorbed
by that gas molecule and forms a negative ion.
These negative ions obviously much heavier than a free electron and therefore over all mobility of the
charged particle in the SF6 gas is much less as compared other common gases. We know that mobility
of charged particle is majorly responsible for conducting current through a gas.

Hence, for heavier and less mobile charged particles in SF6 gas, it acquires very high dielectric
strength. Not only the gas has a good dielectric strength but also it has the unique property of fast
recombination after the source energizing the spark is removed. The gas has also very good heat
transfer property. Due to its low gaseous viscosity (because of less molecular mobility) SF6 gas can
efficiently transfer heat by convection. So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling effect
SF6 gas is approximately 100 times more effective arc quenching media than air. Due to these unique
properties of this gas SF6 Circuit Breaker is used in complete range of medium voltage and high
voltage electrical power system. These circuit breakers are available for the voltage ranges from 33KV
to 800KV and even more.
Types of SF6 Circuit Breaker
There are mainly three types of SF6 CB depending upon the voltage level of application
 Single Interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 245KV(220KV) system
 Two Interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 420KV(400KV) system
 Four Interrupter SF6 CB applied for up to 800KV(715KV) system
Working Principle of SF6 Circuit Breaker
The working of SF6 CB of first generation was quite simple it is some extent similar to air blast circuit
breaker. Here SF6 gas was compressed and stored in a high pressure reservoir. During operation of
SF6 circuit breaker this highly compressed gas is released through the arc and collected to relatively
low pressure reservoir and then it pumped back to the high pressure reservoir for reutilize.
Vacuum Circuit Breaker
A vacuum circuit breaker is such kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum. The technology is suitable for mainly medium voltage application. For higher voltage
Vacuum technology has been developed but not commercially viable. The operation of opening and
closing of current carrying contacts and associated arc interruption take place in a vacuum chamber in
the breaker which is called vacuum interrupter. The vacuum interrupter consists of a steel arc chamber
in the centre symmetrically arranged ceramic insulator. The vacuum pressure inside a vacuum
interrupter is normally maintained at 10 -6 bar
The material used for current carrying contacts plays an important role in the performance of
the vacuum circuit breaker. CuCr is the most ideal material to make VCB contacts. Vacuum
interrupter technology was first introduced in the year of 1960. But still it is a developing technology.
As time goes on, the size of the vacuum interrupter is being reducing from its early 1960’s size due to
different technical developments in this field of engineering. The contact geometry is also improving
with time, from butt contact of early days it gradually changes to spiral shape, cup shape and axial
magnetic field contact. The vacuum circuit breaker is today recognized as most reliable current
interruption technology for medium voltage system. It requires minimum maintenance compared to
other circuit breaker technologies.
Working Principle of Vacuum Circuit Breaker
The main aim of any circuit breaker is to quench arc during current zero crossing, by establishing high
dielectric strength in between the contacts so that reestablishment of arc after current zero becomes
impossible. The dielectric strength of vacuum is eight times greater than that of air and four times
greater than that of SF6 gas. This high dielectric strength makes it possible to quench a vacuum arc
within very small contact gap. For short contact gap, low contact mass and no compression of medium
the drive energy required in vacuum circuit breaker is minimum. When two face to face contact areas
are just being separated to each other, they do not be separated instantly, contact area on the contact
face is being reduced and ultimately comes to a point and then they are finally de-touched. Although
this happens in a fraction of micro second but it is the fact. At this instant of de-touching of contacts in
a vacuum, the current through the contacts concentrated on that last contact point on the contact
surface and makes a hot spot. As it is vacuum, the metal on the contact surface is easily vaporized due
to that hot spot and create a conducting media for arc path. Then the arc will be initiated and continued
until the next current zero. At current zero this vacuum arc is extinguished and the conducting metal
vapour is re-condensed on the contact surface. At this point, the contacts are already separated hence
there is no question of re-vaporization of contact surface, for next cycle of current. That means, the arc
cannot be reestablished again. In this way vacuum circuit breaker prevents the reestablishment of arc
by producing high dielectric strength in the contact gap after current zero.
According to the operating mechanism of circuit breaker they can be divided as
 Spring operated Circuit Breaker
 Pneumatic Circuit Breaker
 Hydraulic Circuit Breaker
RELAYS
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical circuit and closes its
contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the circuit breaker trip coil circuit hence make the
circuit breaker tripped for disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical circuit from rest of the
healthy circuit.
TYPES OF RELAYS USED AT 500 KV GRID STATION
Distance Relay
A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the relay is less than the pre-specified
impedance. The actuating impedance in the relay is the function of distance in a distance protection
relay. This impedance or corresponding distance is called reach of the relay.
Buchholz Relay
Construction of Buchholz Relay
Buchholz Relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank to
conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is
attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level in
the Buchholz Relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of mercury
switch hence depends upon the position of the float.
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge just in
front of the inlet (main tank side ) of Buchholz Relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters
in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury
switch attached to it, will change.

In addition to these main elements a Buchholz Relay has gas release pockets on top. The electrical
leads from both mercury switches are taken out through a molded terminal block.
Buchholz Relay Principle
The Buchholz Relay working principle of is very simple.Buchholz Relay function is based on very
simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor internal
fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between turns, break down of core of transformer,
core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed in different hydrocarbon gases,
CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer insulating oil will accumulate
in the upper part the Buchholz Container which causes fall of oil level in it.
Trip Circuit Supervision Relay:
There are different contacts connected in series along a trip circuit of a electrical circuit breaker. There
must be some situation when the circuit breaker should not trip even a faulty current passes through its
power contacts. Such situations are low gas pressure in SF6 Circuit Breaker, low air pressure in
pneumatic operated circuit breaker etc. In this situation the trip coil of the CB must not be energized to
trip the CB. So there must be NO contacts associated with gas pressure and air pressure relays,
connected in series with breaker trip coil. Another scheme of trip coil is that it should not be
reenergized once the circuit breaker is open. That is done by providing one NO contact of breaker
auxiliary switch in series with trip coil. In addition to that the trip circuit of a CB has to pass through
considerable numbers of intermediate terminal contacts in relay, control panel and circuit breaker
kiosk. So if any of the intermediate contacts is detached, the circuit breaker fails to trip. Not only that,
if dc supply to the trip circuit fails, the CB will not trip.
To overcome this abnormal situation, trip circuit supervision becomes very necessary. The figure
below shows the simplest form of trip circuit healthy scheme. Here one series combination of one
lamp, one push bottom and one resistor is connected across the protective relay contact as shown. In
healthy situation all the contacts except protective relay contact are in close position. Now if push
bottom (PB) is pressed, the trip circuit supervision network is completed and lamp glows indicating
that the breaker is ready for tripping.
Overcurrent and earth-fault relay
Design and principle
The combined overcurrent and earth-fault relay is a secondary relay to be connected to the current
transformers of the protected object. The three-phase overcurrent unit and the earth-fault unit
continuously measure the phase currents and the neutral current ofthe protected object. On detection of
a fault the relaystarts, trips the circuit breaker, initiates auto-reclosing, provides alarm, records fault
data etc. in accordance with the application and the configured relay functions.
When the phase current exceeds the set start currentof the low-set stage I>, the overcurrent unit starts
delivering a start signal after a preset ~60 ms start time. When the set operate time at definite time
operation or the calculated operate time at inverse time operation elapses, the overcurrent unit
operates. In the same way the high-set stage I>> of the overcurrent unit starts delivering a start signal
after a preset ~40 ms start time, when the set start current is exceeded. When the set operate time
elapses, the overcurrent unit operates. When the earth-fault current exceeds the set start current of the
low-set stage Io>, the earth-fault unit starts delivering a start signal after a preset ~60 ms start time.
When the set operate time at definite time operation or the calculated operate time at inverse time
operation elapses, the earth-fault unit operates. In the same way the high-set stage Io>> of the earth-
fault unit starts delivering a start signal after a preset ~40 ms start time, when the set start current is
exceeded. When the set operate time elapses, the earth-fault unit operates.
Auto Recloser
In electric power distribution, a recloser, or autorecloser, is a circuit breaker equipped with a
mechanism that can automatically close the breaker after it has been opened due to a fault.[1]
[2] Reclosers are used on overhead distribution systems to detect and interrupt momentary faults.
Since many short-circuits on overhead lines clear themselves, a recloser improves service continuity
by automatically restoring power to the line after a momentary fault.
Reclosers are predominantly located on the distribution feeder, though as the continuous and
interrupting current ratings increase, they are seen in substations, where traditionally a circuit breaker
would be located. Reclosers have two basic functions on the distribution system: reliability and
overcurrent protection. Reclosers are frequently applied to increase reliability, mainly due to three of
their benefits: reclosing capability, single phase reclosing, and automated loop capabilities
WAVE TRAP
Wave trap, as its name indicates that it is used to trap some waves.Wave trap is used for
communication purpose in substations.20 years back our country was not developed in
telecommunication sector,then our electrical engineersdeveloped a system that communication can be
done through our power lines, it is called power line carrier communication (PLCC).Another
advantage is it has separate communication like,which will not depend on
Telecommunication so that have less interruption

we can transmit electrical power and communication at the same time with single conductor but with
different frequencies ,so they can be separated easily by wave trap at entrance of substation.

Generally electrical power waves have frequency of 50 Hz, and we have tele- communication waves
with high frequencies like 150kHz,200kHz etc..,Wave trap consists of filter circuit (combination of
capacitor and inductor) which is used to allow only power frequency waves to electrical equipment's
and trap the tele-communication waves and send them to PLCC panel.

Why wave trap is located at entrance of substation As communication waves are high frequency (and
not power frequency) they will act as harmonics towards electrical equipment's like transformer,
breaker etc...,so in order to protect them we should connect at entrance so that wave trap will trap the
communication waves.If any fault in any substation, it should intimate to all connected substations to
it. each telephone is connected to only one particular substation only.
CONCLUSION
The Internship at 500 KV grid station was very informative theoretically as well as practically as I was
able to see the functioning of different electrical equipments.
I had a sound knowledge of the incoming and outgoing Transmission lines from this grid station to
different cities and industrial Sectors.
I became abreast of the Protective devices being installed to undo any heavy damage to the Yards in
case of fault currents and other reasons. Breaker Schemes used enhanced my knowledge greatly.
So, indeed it was a great experience learning under the supervision of the 500 KV Grid Station Staff.