11 - Hormones and Endocrine Gland

Monday, October 14, 2019 7:53 AM

Glands Hormone Where Where Responses requested Results of Results of

hormone is hormone is undersecretion oversecretion
produced to be used (hyposecretion) (hypersecretion)
Hypothalamus
(Releasing Thyrotropin- Neuroendocrine anterior Increases secretion of thyroid- Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Hormones) releasing neurons pituitary stimulating hormone (TSH)
hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin- Neuroendocrine anterior Increases secretion of Addison disease Cushing syndrome,
releasing neurons pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone androgenital syndrome
hormone (CRH) (ACTH)
Gonadotropin- Neuroendocrine anterior Increases secretion of follicle- Kallman syndrome Precocious puberty
releasing neurons pituitary stimulating hormone (FSH) and
hormone (GnRH) luteinizing hormone (LH)
Growth Neuroendocrine anterior Increases secretion of growth Pituitary dwarfism Gigantism, acromegaly
hormone- neurons pituitary hormone (GH)
releasing
hormone
(GHRH), aka
somatocrinin
Prolactin- Hypothalamus anterior Increases secretion of prolactin Menstrual disorders, Reduced menstruation,
releasing pituitary (PRL) delayed puberty, male anovulatory infertility,
hormone (PRF) infertility male impotence
(Inhibiting Growth Neuroendocrine anterior Decreases secretion of growth Gigantism, acromegaly Pituitary dwarfism
hormones) hormone– neurons pituitary hormone (GH)
inhibiting
hormone
(GHIH); also
called
somatostatin
Prolactin- Neuroendocrine anterior Decreases secretion of prolactin Reduced menstruation, Menstrual disorders,
inhibiting neurons pituitary (PRL) anovulatory infertility, delayed puberty, male
hormone (PIH) male impotence infertility
also called
dopamine

Neurohypophysis
(posterior-pituitary
gland)
Antidiuretic hypothalamu Kidneys, Conserves water by stimulating its Diabetes insipidus, Water retention, SIADH,
hormone (ADH) s smooth muscle reabsorption polyuria, polydipsia brain edema, weight gain
also called in arteriole from urine; stimulates vasoconstriction
vasopressin walls in arterioles of body, thereby raising
blood pressure

Oxytocin (OT) hypothalamu Female: Female: Stimulates smooth muscle Reduced milk release Rarely a problem
also called s Uterus, contraction in uterine wall; stimulates from mammary glands
vasopressin mammary milk ejection from mammary glands
glands
Male: Stimulates contraction of smooth
Male: Smooth muscle of male reproductive tract
muscle of male
reproductive
tract

BIO 110 Lecture Page 1

 Adenohypophysis
(anterior-pituitary
gland)
Adrenocorticotro Corticotropic Adrenal cortex Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortical Addison disease Cushing syndrome,
pic hormone cells of pars hormones androgenital syndrome
(ACTH) distalis such as cortisol
Melanocyte- Cells of pars Skin Stimulates synthesis of melanin and abnormally light skin abnormally dark skin
stimulating intermedia Melanocytes dispersion of melanin granules in pigment pigment
hormone epidermal cells Obesity
(MSH)
Growth hormone Somatotropic Almost every Stimulates increased growth and Dwarfism Gigantism (child)
(GH) cells of pars cell in the body metabolism in target cells; stimulates Acromegaly (adult)
distalis synthesis of somatomedin in the
liver to stimulate growth at epiphyseal
plate
Prolactin (PRL) Mammotropic Receptors on Female: Stimulates milk production in Menstrual disorders, Reduced menstruation,
cells of pars organs mammary glands delayed puberty, male female infertility, male
distalis throughout the infertility impotence
body Male: May play a role in the sensitivity
of the interstitial cells to LH
Female:
Mammary
glands

Male:
Interstitial
cells in testes
Thyroid- Thyrotropic Thyroid gland Stimulates thyroid hormone synthesis Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
stimulating cells of pars and secretion
hormone distalis
(TSH) also
called
thyrotropin
Luteinizing Gonadotropic Gonads Female: Stimulates ovulation, estrogen Menstrual problems, Hypergonadism, precocious
hormone (LH) cells of pars and progesterone synthesis in corpus impotence, infertility puberty
distalis Female: luteum of ovary
Ovaries
Male: Stimulates androgen synthesis in
Male: Testes testes

Follicle- Gonadotropic Gonads Female: Stimulates growth of ovarian Menstrual problems, Hypergonadism,
stimulating cells of pars follicles impotence, infertility precocious puberty
hormone distalis Female:
(FSH) Ovaries Male: Stimulates sperm production

Male: Testes

Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Follicular Most body cells Increases metabolism, oxygen use, Hypothyroidism, goiter Hyperthyroidism, Graves
hormones cells of growth, and energy use; supports and disease
(thyroxine and thyroid gland increases rate of development
triiodothyronine
)
Calcitonin Parafollicular Bone, kidney Reduces calcium levels in body fluids; No known problem Thyroid cancer; some
cells of decreases bone resorption and increases association with lung,
thyroid gland calcium deposition in bone breast, and pancreatic
cancers; chronic renal
failure

BIO 110 Lecture Page 2

Parathyroid Glands Parathyroid Chief cells of
hormone (PTH) parathyroid
gland
Bone, small Increases calcium levels Hypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism
intestine, in blood through bone resorption (so
kidney calcium
may be delivered to tissues needing
calcium ions, such as muscle tissue);
increases calcium absorption by small
intestine by calcitriol; decreases calcium
loss through the kidneys

Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine adrenal medulla Smooth Initiate stress responses; raise inconsequential Pheochromocytoma
(adrenaline) and muscle, heart rate, blood (benign tumor in adrenal
norepinephrine cardiac muscle, pressure, metabolic rate; dilate medulla)
(noradrenaline) blood vessels blood vessels;
mobilize fat; raise blood glucose
Various cells level
throughout the
body
Glucocorticoids adrenal cortex Many organs Stimulate lipid and protein Addison disease Cushing syndrome
(e.g., cortisol) metabolism; regulate blood
glucose levels
Mineralocorticoi adrenal cortex Kidney cells Regulate electrolyte composition Addison disease Hypertension, edema
ds (e.g., and concentration in body fluids
aldosterone)

Gonadocorticoids Zona reticularis of Sex organs Protein synthesis in sex organ cells Generally no effect: Adrenogenital syndrome
(e.g., androgens) adrenal cortex may see effect post-
menopause

Pancreas
Insulin Beta cells of Liver, skeletal Decreases glucose levels in body fluids, Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia
pancreatic muscles, glucose transport into target cells;
islets adipose promotes glycogen and lipid formation
Tissue, body and storage
cells
Glucagon Alpha cells of Liver, adipose Increases blood glucose levels, glycogen Diabetes mellitus Hyperinsulism
pancreatic tissue breakdown in liver cells, lipid breakdown
islets in adipose cells

Somatostatin Delta cells of Alpha and beta Slows release of insulin and glucagon to Giantism, acromegaly Suppress insulin and
pancreatic cells of slow rate of nutrient absorption during glucagon release
islets pancreatic digestion
islets
Pancreatic F cells of Delta cells of Suppresses somatostatin secretion from Excessive pancreatic Inhibition of gallbladder
polypeptide pancreatic pancreatic delta cells enzyme secretion secretion; suppress
islets islets pancreas secretion;
overstimulates gastric
secretion

Gonads
Ovary Estradiol FSH and General Stimulates development of female Hypoestrogenism, or Precocious puberty
LH secondary estrogen deficiency,
sex characteristics infertility, menopause
Progesterone FSH and Uterus Completes preparation for pregnancy Sterility (can't make
LH kids)

BIO 110 Lecture Page 3

 Mammary Stimulates development Lack of sexual Premature sexual
glands development development
Testis Testosterone FSH and Many organs Stimulates development of secondary sex Gynecomastia, Precocious puberty, muscle
LH characteristics in males and growth spurt Infertility hypertrophy
at
puberty
Male Stimulates development of sex organs; Lack of sexual Premature sex organs
reproductive stimulates development
structures spermatogenesis

Pineal Gland
Melatonin FSH and LH Gonads, brain, Regulates biological Difficulty sleeping, Fatigue, weight gain, depression, desire
pigment cells rhythms insomnia for good sleep

BIO 110 Lecture Page 4

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