Maria Diah C.

Modifikasi dari : Floyd Calitis

PTRP, RPT
 Give the functions of the endocrine system
 Define hormones, endocrine and exocrine glands
 Enumerate and state the location of the endocrine
glands of the body
 Explain the role of the hypothalamus and pituitary
gland in endocrine function
 Describe how hypothalamus regulates hormone
secretion from the pituitary
Describe how the pituitary gland regulates the
secretion of hormones from other endocrine
glands
Describe the different endocrine glands of the
body based on the following:
Structure
Hormones produced
Target cells for each hormone
Principal action of each hormone
Identify the 2 major types of endocrine conditions
and give examples of each
BAGAIMAN
A FUNGSI
SISTEM
ENDOKRIN?
REGULATION OF EFFECTORS TO
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
Keseimbangan cairan
Kontraksi uterus & pengeluaran ASI
Perteumbuhan, metabolisme, & kematangan
jaringan
Regulasi ion
Regulasi Heart rate & tekanan darah
Kontrol gula darah
Regulasi sistem immmun (daya tahan tubuh)
Kontrok fungsi reproduksi control
 HORMONES
Comes from the greek word hormaein which
means “to excite”
Mediator molecules released by the glands of the
endocrine system

ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Produce hormones that
EXOCRINE GLANDS
are released into the
Secrete products into
circulatory system
ducts (sweat glands,
and travel some distance
sebaceous glands,
where they act on target
mucous & digestive
tissues to produce a
glands)
response
“ductless glands”
WHAT ARE
THE
DIFFERENT
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS OF
THE BODY?
HYPOTHALAMUS
 Sistem saraf otonom dan pusat kontrol endokrin
di otak
 Inferior to the thalamus
 Controls the pituitary gland in 2 ways:
Produce RELEASING HORMONES
Controls the secretion of hormones in the posterior
pituitary
PITUITARY GLAND

Hypophysis & called “master gland”

Dibagi menjadi hipofisis anterior
(adenohypophysis) dan hipofisis
posterior (neurohypophysis)
 Sekresi hipofise anterior dikontrol hypothalamic-
releasing hormone (hypothalamic-pituitary portal
system)
 Sekresi hipofise posterior dikontrol nerve impulses
that pass through infundibulum
 Hormones released from anterior pituitary: growth
hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing
hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),
prolactin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone
 Hormones released from posterior pituitary:
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
HORMONES:
 GH – promotes growth of bone, muscle & other
tissues; function as insulin antagonist vital in
maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose level
 Prolactin – promotes development of breast,
anticipating milk secretion (during pregnancy),
stimulates mother’s mammary gland for milk
 TROPIC HORMONES:
TSH - growth & development of thyroid
gland; cause thyroid gland to release
hormones
ACTH – increase secretion of cortisol from
adrenal cortex; increase skin pigmentation
 FSH – stimulates development of follicles
in ovaries & sperm cells
LH – stimulates the formation & activity of
corpus luteum (secretes progesterone &
estrogen) in ovary, stimulates interstitial
cells in the testes to develop & secrete
testosterone
 Oxytocin – stimulates contraction of uterine muscles
and causes milk ejection
 Antidiuretic hormone – helps body conserve water,
prevents formation of large volume of urine,
maintains water balance in the body
18
19
 HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)

THYROID-
GROWTH PROLACTIN STIMULATING
HORMONE HORMONE

(GENERAL) (THYROID GLAND)

Promotes growth (MAMMARY Stimulated
by stimulating GLANDS) development &
protein anabolism Promotes milk secretion in thyroid
& fat mobilization secretion gland
 HORMONES OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)

ADRENO- FOLLICLE-
LUTEINIZING
CORTICOTROPIC STIMULATING
HORMONE
HORMONE HORMONE

(ADRENAL (GONADS) (GONADS)

CORTEX) F: development of F: trigger ovulation
Stimulated ovarian follicle,
M: production of
development & estrogen secretion
M: dev't of testis,
testosterone
secretion in adrenal
cortex sperm production
Small gland attached to the roof of 3rd
ventricle
Part of epithalamus positioned between 2
superior colliculi (weighs .1-.2 grams)
Consists of secretory cells called
pinealocytes, neuroglia, and scattered
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
Secretes melatonin which contributes to the
setting the body’s biological clock (patterns of
eating, sleeping, reproduction & behavior)
HORMONE OF THE PINEAL BODY

MELATONIN

(AT LEAST THE HYPOTHALAMUS)

Inhibits secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
thereby inhibiting reproduction
Induce sleep
 Neurohypophysis –
posterior lobe (neural
tissue) and the
infundibulum
 Receives hormones from
the hypothalamus.
 Hormones are stored,
and released
 Oxytocin and ADH
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine
contraction
 During labor increasing levels leads to increased
intensity of uterine contractions.
Regulated by a positive feedback mechanism
 PITOCIN is a synthetic form used to induce labor
Oxytocin triggers milk ejection (“letdown” reflex)
in women producing milk.
 Baby suckling of breast causes ejection of milk.
Vasopressin is released in response to low blood
pressure, dehydration and high solute
concentration in the hypothalamus.
ADH helps to prevent dehydration by:
 ADH stimulates thirst
 ADH targets aquaporins in the kidney to increase
water permeability.
This will increase blood volume which increases BP
 Causes small arteries to constrict thus increasing BP
 Reduces secretory activity of sweat glands preventing
additional water loss
Alcohol inhibits ADH release and causes many
unwanted trips to the bathroom.
 Hang over symptoms primarily result of dehydration .
Diabetes insipidus is a condition where there is a
hyposecretion of ADH
 What effect will this have on urinary output and
hydration status?
Figure 16.5
Made up of 2 large lateral lobes & a
narrow connecting isthmus (weight:
30 grams)
Located in the neck, on the anterior
& lateral surface of trachea, just
below the larynx
Thyroid hormone: regulate
metabolic rate of all cells & cell
growth & tissue differentiation;
have a “general” target (T3 & T4);
produced by follicular cells
Triiodothyronine (T3) – principal thyroid
hormone; contains 3 iodine atoms; binds
efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells
Tetraiodothyronine (T4) or thyroxine – 20 times
more abundant than T3; contains 4 iodine atoms
Calcitonin – produce by the thyroid gland in the
parafollicular cells; influences the processing of
calcium in bone cells by decreasing blood calcium
level & promote conservation of hard bone matrix
Parathyroid hormone – antagonist to calcitonin to
maintain calcium homoestasis
34
 HORMONES OF THE THYROID GLAND

TRIIODOTHYRONINE
(T3) TETRAIODOTHYRONINE (T4) CALCITONIN
THYROXINE

(GENERAL) (BONE TISSUE)

Increase rate of Increase calcium
(GENERAL)
metabolism storage in
Increase rate of metabolism
bone
Menurunkan
kadar kalsium
darah dengan
menyimpannya ke
dalam tulang
Antagonis dengan
hormon
paratiroid
Dihasilkan oleh
sel C
(parafolikuler)

37
Small, round masses of tissue attached to the
posterior surface of lateral lobes of thyroid
gland
PTH:
 Increases number & activity of osteoclasts
 Results in elevated bone resorption which releases
ionic calcium & phosphates into the blood
 Produces changes in the kidneys: increase rate at
which it removes calcium and magnesium from urine
& returns it to the blood, inhibits reabsorption of
phosphates filtered by kidneys (more is excreted in
urine), promote formation of hormone calcitriol
(active form of vit D) which increases rate of calcium,
phosphates & magnesium absorption from GI to
blood
HORMONE OF THE PARATHYROID
GLAND

PARATHYROID HORMONE

(BONE TISSUE & KIDNEY)

Increase calcium removal from storage in bone
Produces active form of vitamin D in kidneys
Increase absorption of calcium by intestines
Increase blood calcium level
Figure 16.11
Located on top of kidneys, fitting like caps
Made up of 2 portions: adrenal cortex
(endocrine tissue) and adrenal medulla
(neurosecretory tissue)
3-5 cm height, 2-3 cm width, 3.5-5 grams
Adrenal cortex: large periphery (80-90% of the
gland by weight); produces steroid hormones
essential for life – mineralocorticoids
(aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol,
cortisone, corticosterone)
Adrenal medulla: produces 2 catecholamine
hormones (norepinephrine & epinephrine)
Hormones:
 Epinephrine & norepinephrine – help prepare the
body for physical activity
 Glucocorticoids (cortisol) – reduce inflammation &
break down fat & protein making them available as
energy sources to other tissues
 Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) – help regulate
sodium & potassium levels & water volume in the
body
 Adrenal androgens – increase female sexual drive
 HORMONES OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS

ADRENAL MEDULLA ADRENAL CORTEX

EPINEPHRINE /
ALDOSTERONE CORTISOL
NOREPINEPHRINE

(KIDNEY)
(SYMPATHETIC EFFECTORS) (GENERAL)
Stimulates kidney tubules to
Enhances and prolongs the
conserve sodium, which in turn, Influences metabolism of
effects of sympathetic food molecules
triggers release of ADH & the
division of the ANS
resulting conservation of water
Figure 16.15
Elongated gland (5-6 inches long, weight: 500
grams); located posterior & inferior to the
stomach
Tissue composed of endocrine & exocrine
tissues
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) -
scattered tiny island of cells (2-3% of total
mass)
Hormone-producing islets are surrounded by
cells called ACINI (secretes a serous fluid
containing digestive enzymes into ducts that
drain into small intestine
 4 hormone-secreting cell types:
1) ALPHA or A cells – 20% of islet cells secreting
GLUCAGON (raises blood sugar level)
2) BETA or B cells – 70% of islet cells secreting
INSULIN (lowers blood sugar level)
3) DELTA or D cells – 50% of islet cells secreting
SOMASTATIN (inhibit both insulin & glucagon
release; slows absorption of nutrients from the GI
tract
4) F cells – secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE
(inhibits somastatin secretion, gallbladder
contraction & secretion of digestive enzymes by the
pancreas)
HORMONES OF THE PANCREATIC ISLETS

GLUCAGON INSULIN

(GENERAL) (GENERAL)
Promotes movement of Promotes movement of
glucose from storage and glucose out of the blood
into the blood and into the cells
Figure 7-9: Hormones may have multiple stimuli for their release
FEMALE
OVARIES – paired oval female gonads located
in pelvic cavity
Produces estrogen & progesterone – regulate
female reproductive cycle, maintain pregnancy
& prepare mammary glands for lactation
Produce inhibin (inhibits secretion of FSH)
and relaxin (increases flexibility of pubic
symphysis during pregnancy & dilate uterine
cervix during labor)
MALE
TESTES – 2 oval gonads
Produce testosterone that regulates production
of sperm & stimulates development &
maintenance of masculine secondary sex
characteristics
Produce inhibin (inhibits secretion of FSH)
 HORMONES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

UTERUS &
TESTES OVARIES
OVARIES

ESTROGEN &
TESTOSTERONE PROSTAGLANDINS
PROGESTERONE

(MOST TISSUES) (MOST TISSUES) (MOST TISSUES)

Sperm cell production, Uterine and mammary Mediate inflammatory
maintain functional repro gland development & responses; increase
organs function, etc. uterine contractions
2 lobes, located in mediastinum, between
sternum and large blood vessels above the
heart; site of T cell maturation
Secretes hormones related to immunity
Each lobule consists of deep straining outer
cortex and lighter staining central medulla
Cortex: lymphocytes, reticular epithelial cells
& macrophages
Medulla: mostly reticular epithelial cells
(produce thymic hormones) & scattered
lymphocytes
HORMONE OF THE THYMUS GLAND

THYMOSIN

(IMMUNE TISSUES)
Promotes immune system
development and function
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: gastrin, secretin,
cholecystokinin
PLACENTA: human chorionic gonadotropin,
estrogen/progesterone, human chorionic
somatomammotropin
KIDNEYS: erythropoietin (EPO), calcitriol
HEART: atrial nutriuretic peptide (ANP)
ADIPOSE TISSUE: leptin
Successful compensation
 Homeostasis reestablished
Failure to compensate
 Pathophysiology
Illness
Death

Figure 1-5: Homeostasis

Figure 7-2-2: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones
Figure 7-2-3: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones
 WHAT ARE
THE MAJOR
TYPES OF
ENDOCRINE
CONDITIONS?
 ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS

HYPERSECRETION HYPOSECRETION

ADDISON DISEASE
ACROMEGALY
CRETINISM
ALDOSTERONISM
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
CUSHING SYNDROME
TYPE 1 DIABETES
GIGANTISM
MELLITUS
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
OSTEOPOROSIS
GRAVES DISEASE
PITUITARY DWARFISM
CONDITION HORMONE DESCRIPTION
Acromegaly GH Elongation of facial &
extremity bones
Aldosteronism Aldosterone Sodium retention and
potassium loss
Cushing Glucocorticoid Rounded “moon” face,
Syndrome muscular atrophy, edema
etc.
Gigantism GH Extreme skeletal size

Hyper- PTH Increase reabsorption of

Ca from bone tissues &
parathyroidis kidneys
m
Graves Disease Thyroid Hyperthyroidism,
hormone exophthalmos
 CONDITION HORMONE DESCRIPTION
Addison Disease Adrenal Weakness, anorexia,
cortical weight loss, irritability
etc
hormone
Cretinism Thyroid Dwarfism, MR, facial
hormone puffiness, dry skin etc.

Diabetes ADH Extreme polyuria &

Insipidus polydipsia

Type 1 Diabetes Insulin Polydipsia, polyuria,

Mellitus overeating, weight loss

Osteoporosis Estrogen Bone disorder, loss of

minerals & collagen
Pituitary GH Reduced skeletal size
Dwarfism
 Goiter = enlarged thyroid
gland
 results from dietary iodine
deficiency.
 Can’t produce TH,
 no feedback to Pituitary 
TSH
 This causes hypertrophy of
the thyroid gland.