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HORMONES

BY:GROUP 9 (PSYCHFORCE)
introduction
Chemical substance that is secreted into the
internal body fluids by one cell or a group of
cells and has a physiological control effect on
cells of the body.
From the word, hormones, to execite or get
moving.
CHEMICAL
CLASSES
OF HORMONES
A. LIPID-SOLUUBLE HORMONES B. WATER-SOLUBLE HORMONES

The lipid-soluble hormones include steroid The water-soluble hormones include


hormones, thyroid hormones, and nitric amine hormones, peptide and protein
oxide. hormones, and eicosanoid hormones.
1. Steroid hormones are derived from 1. Amine hormones. They are called
cholesterol. amines because they retain an amino
2. Two thyroid hormones (T3and T4) are group (-NH3 +).
synthesized by attaching iodine to the 2. Peptide hormones and protein
amino acid tyrosine. hormones are amino acid polymers.
3. The nitric oxide (NO) [is both a hormone 3. The eicosanoid hormones are derived
and a neurotransmitter. from arachidonic, a 20-carbon fatty
acid.
CHEMISTRY
OF THE
HORMONES
1. STEROID HORMONES
These hormones all have a chemical structure based on the steroid nucleus, similar
to that of cholesterol and in most instances are derived from cholesterol itself.
Examples:
a. Adrenal cortex ( cortisol and aldosterone)
b. Ovaries (estrogen and progesterone)
c. Placenta (estrogen and progesterone)
2. Derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine
Two groups of hormones are derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.
Two metabolic thyroid hormones: thyroxine & triiodothyronine, both are iodine
forms of tyrosine derivatives.
Two principal hormones of the adrenal medullae: epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline)
3. Proteins or peptides
The anterior pituitary hormones are either proteins or large polypeptides.
The posterior pituitary hormones, antidiuretic hormones, and oxytocin are peptides
Insulin, glucagon and parathormone are all large polypeptides
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
A. ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND

1. GROWTH HORMONE (GH)


Cause growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body and acts directly on
target cells to enhance lipolysis and decrease glucose uptake.
Known as somatotropin
Ghrelin, a peptide from the stomach induces GHRH and directly stimulates
the release of GH.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulates secretion of growth
hormone.
Secreted by Somatotrophs/Acidophils
Target Tissue: Liver & other tissues.
Deficiency: Dwarfism
Excess secretion: Gigantism
2. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES (ACTH)
Causes the adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormones mainly
cortisol.
Also known as corticotropin
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates secretion of
adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Secreted by Corticotrophs
Target tissue: Adrenal cortex
>Cosyntropin stimulation (Rapid ACTH) test:
- With rapid administration of ACTH, blood cortisol levels will be
raised. If there is adrenal insufficiency, the adrenal gland
cannot be stimulated by the administered ACTH and subnormal or low
response of cortisol occurs.
>Dexamethasone suppression test:
- Dexamethasone, an analog of cortisol suppresses ACTH
hormone and cortisol production in normal subjects; but not in patients with
Cushing’s syndrome.
3, THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
Causes the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
Also known as thyrotropin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating
hormone.
Secreted by Thyrotrophs
Target tissue: thyroid gland
4. follicle-stimulating hormone
Causes growth of follicles in the ovaries before ovulation; promotes the
formation of sperm in the testes
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates secretion of FSH and LH.
Secreted by Gonadotrophs
Target tissue: Ovary and Testis
5. LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Plays an important role in causing ovulation (development of corpus
luteum); also causes secretion of female sex hormones by the ovaries
and testosterone by the testes
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates secretion of FSH
and LH
Secreted by Gonadotrophs
Target tissue: Ovary & Testis
*FSH and LH are known as Gonadotropins.
6. PROLACTIN
Also known as Somatomammotropin
Promotes development of the breast and secretion of milk
Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) stimulates secretion of prolactin.
Secreted by Lactotrophs
>Prolactin stimulation test by chlorpromazine:
-Chlorpromazine increases PRL secretion by competitive inhibition of
dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary in normal individuals.
>Prolactin suppression test by L-dopa:
-Failure to respond to L-dopa indicates the autonomous function of
pituitary prolactin-secreting cells.

7. melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)


Exact role in humans is unknown but may influence brain activity; when present
in excess, it can cause darkening skin.
Target tissue: Brain
B. POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
1. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (VASOPRESSIN)
Causes the kidneys to retain water, thus increasing the water content of the body. (to
prevent diuresis)
Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume; decreases water loss through
perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles.
The ADH acts on the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney, producing reabsorption
of water.
Deficiency of ADH results in diabetes insipidus.
Target tisssues: Kidneys, Arterioles, and Sweat glands.
2. OXYTOCIN
The term means “to stimulate birth“
Contracts the uterus during the birthing process, thus helping expel the baby
Also contracts myoepithelial cells in the breast, thereby expressing milk from from
the breast when the baby suckles
Target tissues: Uterus and Mammary gland
C. ADRENAL CORTEX
1. CORTISOL
A glucocorticoid that regulates metabolism and resistance to stress
Has multiple metabolic functions for control of the metabolism of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
2. aldosterone
A major mineralocorticoid.
It regulates the homeostasis of two mineral ions; Potassium and Sodium.
Reduces sodium excretion by the kidneys and increases potassium excertion,
thus increasing sodium in the body while decreasing the amount of potassium
It also helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume.
Aldosterone also promote secretion of H+ in the urine; this removal of acids
from the body can help prevent acidosis (blood pH below 7.35)
C. ADRENAL CORTEX
1. CORTISOL
A glucocorticoid that regulates metabolism and resistance to stress
Has multiple metabolic functions for control of the metabolism of proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
2. aldosterone
A major mineralocorticoid.
It regulates the homeostasis of two mineral ions; Potassium and Sodium.
Reduces sodium excretion by the kidneys and increases potassium excertion,
thus increasing sodium in the body while decreasing the amount of potassium
It also helps adjust blood pressure and blood volume.
Aldosterone also promote secretion of H+ in the urine; this removal of acids
from the body can help prevent acidosis (blood pH below 7.35)
D. THYROID GLAND
1. THYROXINE & TRIIODOTHYRONINE
Increase the rates of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body thus
increasing the general level of body metabolism
Control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues by way of an
increase in glucose metabolism.
Enhance cholesterol secretion
Contribute to the development of the nervous system.
2. CALCITONIN
Promotes the deposition of calcium in the bones and thereby decreases
calcium concentration in the extracellular fluid. Procedure by
parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.
E. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE PANCREAS
1. INSULIN
Promotes glucose entry into most cells of the body, in this way controlling
the rate of metabolism of most carbohydrates
Secreted by Beta cells.
2. glucagon
Increases the synthesis and release of glucose from the liver into the
circulating body fluids
Secreted by Alpha cells.
TAKE NOTES!
CELLS TYPES IN PANCREATIC ISLETS
A. Alpha cells - Secrete glucagon
B. Beta cells - Secrete insulin
C. Delta cells - Secrete somatostatin (a growth inhibiting hormones)
D. F cells - Secrete pancreatic polypeptide
F. OVARIES
1. ESTROGEN
Stimulate the development of the female sex organs, the breasts, and various secondary
sexual characteristics
Estradiol: it is the most important estrogen. It is converted to estrone by the liver. It is
further hydroxylated to estriol, which is inactive.
2. progesterone
Stimulates secretion of ‘uterine milk‘ by the endometrial glands
Helps promote development of the secretory apparatus of the breast
3. inhibin
A protein hormone that inhibits secretion of FSH.
4. RELAXIN
Apeptide hormone which increases the flexibility of the public symphysis during
pregnancy and helps dilate the uterine cervix during labor and delivery. These actions help
ease the baby‘s passage by enlarging the birth canal.
G. TESTES
1. TESTOSTERONE
Stimulates growth of the male sex organs
Promote the development of male secondary sex characteristics
2. inhibin
Inhibits secretion of FSH

H. PARATHYROID GLAND
1. PARATHORMONE
Controls the calcium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid by controlling:
a. Absorption of calcium from the gut
b. Excretion of calcium by kidneys
c. Release calcium from the bones
Secreted by Chief Cells
I. PLACENTA
1. HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
Promotes growth of the corpus luteum and secretion of estrogens and
progesterone by the corpus luteum (PT)
2. ESTROGEN
Promotes growth of the mother‘s sex organs and some of the tissues of the
fetus.
3. Progesterone (DECREASE BREAST CELL GROWTH)
Promotes special development of the uterine endometrium in advance of
implantation of the fertilized ovum.
Probably promotes the development of some of the fetal tissues and organs
Helps promote the development of the secretory apparatus of the mother‘s
breasts
4. human somatomammotropin
Probably promotes growth of fetal tissues as well as aiding in the development
of the mother‘s breasts
THANK YOU!
GROUP MEMBER:

VENUS AGUILAR
RIZA AVILA
MIA MACALINTAL
ALYSSA MASISAY
MYLA RIPASA
MARIE ELNY ZUÑIGA

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