DLC VPHY 143 PARATHYROID AND THYROID GLANDS

PARATHYROID GLAND  BONE PHYSIOLOGY  Nasa fb yung pictures  

Chief cells​ – secretory cells of parathyroid gland  - Stores 98-99% of Calcium   
- Secretes Parathyroid hormone  - Mineralization is needed because if it is  ABNORMALITIES IN PARATHYROID HORMONE 
  deposited, it will provide the strength and  SECRETION 
HORMONES REGULATING BLOOD CA LEVELS  integrity of the bones   
Hormone  Secretory  ▪ Otherwise, the bones will form  PRIMARY HYPOPARATHYROIDISM IN DOGS 
PTH (Parathormone  Chief cells of the  pores and become brittle  - Rarely diagnosed in fogs 
Parathyroid Gland  making it prone to injuries  - Sex predilection (65% of cases): 
Vitamin D3 or calcitrol  Renal tubular cells    middle-aged spayed females 
or 1-25  PARATHORMONE (PTH)  - Age: as early as 6 weeks to 12 y/o 
Thyrocalcitonin or  Parafollicular cells of  Stimulus for PTH secretion: Hypocalcemia  (average age 4.8 y/o) 
Calcitonin  the thyroid gland  Conditions that can lead to hypocalcemia  - Breed predilection: toy poodles, 
AIM: Maintain normal levels of blood calcium  1. Rickets, osteomalacia  Labrador retriever, miniature schnauzers, 
  2. Low levels of Ca & Vitamin D in the diet  German shepherds, Terrier breeds 
- If the offspring cannot suckle enough milk,   
FORMS OF CALCIUM IN PLASMA  supplements are given, or the piglets are  Etiology of Primary Hypoparathyroidism in Dogs 
Form  Amount in  Functions  transferred to other dam 
Plasma  1. Accidental ​damage or destruction​ of 
3. Pregnancy  Parathyroid gland/s 
Diffusible  50​%  of  2​nd​ messenger  4. Lactation  - Secondary to thyroidectomy 
ionized  Ca  or  total  Muscle  Action of PTH: Increase blood Ca levels  2. Removal of Parathyroid glands  
Free Ca  plasma  contraction    3. Immune-mediated destruction of 
calcium  Nerve function  Stimulus: ​Hypocalcemia​ ​ ​ activate Parathyroid  parathyroid glands 
Blood  Chief Cells ​ ​ increase secretion & release of PTH  4. Hypomagnesemia​ – decreases secretion 
coagulation  ​ blood stream ​ ​ bone, kidney, GIT  and activity of PTH) 
Non-diffusible  40%  of  Bound  to  plasma    5. Parathyroid agenesis 
Ca  or  plasma  total  proteins  –  ACTION OF PTH   
protein  plasma  albumin,  Bone: osteoclasts  PRIMARY HYPOPARATHYROIDISM IN CATS 
bound Ca  Ca  globulins  a. Mobilized Ca stores from the bone or  - Occurs less frequently in cats 
Diffusible  10%  Bind  w/  interstitial  osteolysis (minerals will be freed and go  - First reported case in cats in 1990 
non-ionized  substances  to the bloodstream)  - Sex predilection: ​male 
Ca  or  Citrate:  Calcium  b. Formation of osteoclasts (more minerals)  - Age: Just over 2 y/o 
complexed  citrate  c. Activation of osteoclasts – osteoclastic or  - Etiology: secondary to bilateral 
Ca  Phosphate:  ca  bone resorption  parathyroidectomy 
phosphate  Kidney: distal tubules, collecting tubules,   
HCO3:  calcium  collecting duct  CLINICIALS SIGNS OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM 
bicarbonate  a. Decrease excretion of Ca, Mg, H ions  Neuromuscular abnormality – progressive 
Calcium ions are filtered in the kidney, 90-98% of  b. Increase renal excretion of PO4, K ions  excitation of nervous system due to decrease in 
filtered calcium is reabsorbed  c. Production of Vitamin D3  Ca ions at myoneural junction 
  Intestine: Epithelial cells  ⇨ Decreased myocardial contractility 
NORMAL BLOOD/ PLASMA CALCIUM LEVELS  a. Increase absorption of Ca and P ions  ⇨ Hypocalcemic tetany​ due to increased 
Species  Mg/dL  Species  Mg/dL    activity of motor nerve fibers 
Dog  8.7-11.8  Cat  7.9-10.9  ​ All of which would​ increase the plasma  ⇨ Neuromuscular irritability  
Cow  8.4-11  Horse  10.4-13.4  calcium levels  o muscle twitching 
Pig  9.3-11.5  Sheep  9.3-11.7    o tremors 
Goat  9.0-11.6        o muscle cramps 
  SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D3  o convulsions 
 

DLC VPHY 143 PARATHYROID AND THYROID GLANDS

⇨ Tetanic spasms of respiratory muscles   Etiology  Feature  Occurrence  Ultimobranchial 

⇨ Paralysis of respiratory muscles  Parathyroid  Functional  More common  glands (fish, birds, 
o Laryngospasm  adenoma  tumor of  males, solitary  amphibians) 
o Air obstruction  parathyroid  more common  Stimulus  Hypercalcemia 
o Asphyxiation  gland 
Action  Lower blood Ca level 
o DEATH  Parathyroid  Increased # of  More common 
hyperplasia  chief cells  in males  Inhibitor   
   
- Increased body temp  Parathyroid  Malignant  Rare 0 affect 
carcinoma  tumor  middle to old  Conditions that cause pypercalcemia 
- Rapid breathing  1. Excess quantity of Ca in diet 
are males (ave. 
- Alkalosis  10.5 y/o)  2. X 
- Impairment of bone  3. X 
- Formation and bone remodeling  Breed: Keeshond (40% of cases dx MSU 
autosomal dominant gene)   
- Fever  MOA of Calcitonin in Lowering Blood Ca levels 
- Tense or splinted abdomen   
CLINICIAL SIGNS OF HYPERPARATHYROIDSIM  1. Promotes Ca deposition in bones 
- Stiff gait  - Lower osteoclasts activity 
- Muscle tremors  1. Lameness​ due to its effect on the bones: 
a. Softening and weakening of  2. Prevents bone resorption 
- Muscle fasciculations  - Decrease formation of new osteoclasts 
- More   bones – prone to deformities 
b. Cysts formation in the bone  3. Decreases CA release from bones to the 
  blood 
ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITY IN  (​osteitis fibrosa cystica 
c. Prone to  - Lower blood Ca levels 
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM  4. Something something… 
1. Severe hypocalcemia  Rubber Jaw Syndrome in Dogs  
2. Ca deposition in various soft tissues     
- Dogs with untreated primary 
hypoparathyroidism is consistently below  - Heart, stomach, intestines, kidneys 
6.5 mg/dL  3. Formation of kidney stones (CaPO4, Ca 
2. Mild to moderate hyperphosphatemia  oxalate) 
- Combined hypocalcemia and  - Due to hypercalcemia 
hyperphosphatemia + normal …  4. Decreased excitability of nerves 
  5. Faster coagulation time 
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS (LOW CA LEVELS)  6. Muscle weakness 
7. Constipation and lack of appetite 
Hypoalbuminemia  Renal failure 
- Due to depressed contractility of GIT 
Puerperal tenay  Acute pancreatitis  muscles 
Intestinal  Starvation  Management 
malabsorption  1. Reduction of Ca in diet 
Hypobitaminosis D  Thyroid tumors  2. X 
Cervical tumors    3. X 
     
  THYROID PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS 
MANAGEMENT FOR HYPOPARATHYROIDSM  - Big cells outside the thyroid follicles 
1. Ca supplementation  producing calcitonin 
2. Vitamin D (D3) supplementation   
3. PTH Treatment  Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin 
- Very expensive, elicit immune response  Secretory cell  TPC (mammals) 
of animal 
 
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM 
 

DLC VPHY 143 PARATHYROID AND THYROID GLANDS

THYROID GLAND 
- Located below the larynx and on either 
side of & anterior to the trachea 
Structure of Thyroid Gland 
1. Thyroid Follicles 
a. Lumen – filled with colloid 
(follicular cells’ secretion) 
▪ Colloid – consists of ​thyroglobulin​, a 
large glycoprotein which contains 
the ​thyroid hormones 
Stimulus for Thyroid  Inhibitor for Thyroid 
Hormone Secretion  Hormone Secretion 
Exposure of animal to low  Conditions that   
environmental  stimulates sympathetic   
temperature (cold)  nervous system   
A. Formation and secretion of Thyroglobulin 
  B. Oxidation of Iodide Ions 
Excitement, anxiety  C. Iodination of Tyrosine and Formation of Thyroid 
  Hormones or Organification Thyroglobulin 
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Secretion  - Coupling Reaction  
D. Storage of Thyroglobulin 
- If not produced, will be stored 
E. Release of T3 & T4 from Thyroid Gland 
F. Binding with Plasma Proteins 
Plasma Protein  BindingAffinity 
Thyroxine Binding  High affinity for 
Globulin (TBG)  thyroxine 
Thyroxine Binding  Binds T3 and T4 
Prealbumin 
Albumin  Binds T3 and T4 
 
Can be measured in the blood 
 
 
 
 
 
TSH Signaling Pathway 
FORMATION OF THYROID HORMONE