ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

YCELL ELOISE FERRER OPEÑA

ADRIENNE MAY MONTERO SERMIENTO
NUR-IN J. LIBANON
DESIREE PAULA FAYE SALIBANA
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
o Endocrine system includes all of the glands of the body and the hormones
produced by those glands. By regulating the functions of organs in the body,
these glands helps to maintain the body’s homeostasis. Cellular
metabolism, reproduction, sexual development, sugar and mineral
homeostasis, heart rate indigestion are among the many processes
regulated by the actions of hormones.

GLANDS

o Cells or group of cells specialized in structure.

o Produce substances needed in bodily processes
 Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
ENDOCRINE
GLANDS IN Adrenal gland
Pineal gland

ANIMALS Ovary
Testis

Pancreas
 Hypothalamus
• The hypothalamus is a small area
in the center of the brain. It plays
an important role in hormone
production and helps to stimulate
many bodily processes.

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Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland, also known as hypophysis, is a small pea-sized lump of tissue
connected to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus of the brain.
And divided into the Posterior Pituitary and Anterior Pituitary

Function

• “master gland”
• Tell the body what to do
• Provides growth hormones
which make us grow big and
tall.

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Posterior Pituitary
Posterior pituitary is one of two lobes that make up your pituitary gland, which is a small, pea-sized
endocrine gland located at the base of your brain.
Posterior pituitary's main functions are to store and release the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin
(antidiuretic hormone).

• Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone

(ADH)
The essential roles is the control of the body’s
osmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, sodium
homeostasis, and kidney functioning.
• Oxytocin:
The two main physical functions of
oxytocin are to stimulate uterine
contractions in labor and childbirth and to
stimulate contractions of breast tissue to aid
in lactation after childbirth

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Anterior Pituitary
Anterior pituitary is one of two lobes that make up pituitary gland, which is a small, pea-sized endocrine gland
located at the base of brain. Anterior pituitary is responsible for creating and releasing over six different
hormones that affect many different bodily processes.

THYROID STIMULATING (TSH

o Thyroid-stimulating hormone, also known as TSH, is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the
anterior pituitary. It is the primary stimulus for thyroid hormone production by the thyroid
gland.
o TSH tells your thyroid how much thyroid hormone it needs to make. If the thyroid hormone
levels in your blood are too low, your pituitary gland makes larger amounts of TSH to tell your
thyroid to work harder

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC (ACTH)

o The main function of adrenocorticotropic hormone is to stimulate your

adrenal glands to release cortisol. Cortisol is an essential hormone that
affects almost every organ and tissue in your body
o Fight infection. Regulate blood sugar. Maintain blood pressure. Regulate
metabolism, the process of how your body uses food and energy.

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Anterior Pituitary

GONADOTROPIN (FSH, LH):

o Gonadotropin-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
o In women, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. FSH levels in women change
throughout the menstrual cycle, with the highest levels happening just before an egg is released by the ovary. This is known as
ovulation. In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm
o LH plays an important role in sexual development and functioning. In women, LH helps control the menstrual cycle. It also
triggers the release of an egg from the ovary. LH causes the testicles to make testosterone, which is important for producing sperm.
GROWTH (GH):
o Hormone that promotes cell division, protein synthesis and bone growth is GH (Growth hormone). It
is secreted by anterior lobe of pituitary. It is also known as somatotropin or somatotrophic hormone. 'Soma'
means body and 'trophe' means nourishment
o It regulates the growth of the body by promoting protein anabolism, intestinal absorption of calcium,
conservation of glucose etc. It helps in synthesis and depositing of proteins, growth of long bones and other
parts of the skeleton.
PROLACTIN (PL)
o Prolactin causes the breasts to grow and make milk during pregnancy and after birth. Prolactin
levels are normally high for pregnant women and new mothers. Levels are normally low for
nonpregnant women and for men

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THYROID GLAND

The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in your neck. It makes two hormones that are
secreted into the blood: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). These hormones are necessary
for all the cells in your body to work normally

What does the thyroid gland do?

The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body's
metabolic rate controlling heart, muscle and digestive function,
brain development and bone maintenance. Its correct functioning
depends on a good supply of iodine from the diet.

What happens if you have thyroid problems?

can experience a puffy face, sluggishness, weight gain, feeling cold,
a slowed heart rate, constipation, depression, and thinning hair. Not
everyone has the same symptoms, so make sure to talk with your
health care provider if you think you have hypothyroidism.

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 Parathyroid Gland
PARATHYROID GLAND IS A SECRETORY TISSUE WHICH REGULATES THE CALCIUM LEVELS WITHIN
THE BLOOD BY SECRETING PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH).

FUNCTION
• FIRST, PTH CAN STIMULATE THE BREAKDOWN OF BONE, WHICH
INHERENTLY RELEASES CALCIUM FROM THE STORES HELD
WITHIN THE BONE.
• SECOND, PTH CAN ALSO INCREASE THE REABSORPTION OF
CALCIUM FROM FOOD BY INFLUENCING THE PERMEABILITY OF
THE INTESTINAL MEMBRANE, MORE CALCIUM IS ABSORBED
DIRECTLY INTO THE BLOODSTREAM, RAISING OVERALL
CALCIUM LEVELS.
• THIRD, PTH CAN INCREASE RETENTION OF CALCIUM IN THE
KIDNEYS THAT WOULD OTHERWISE BE LOST IN THE URINE.
WHEN THE BLOOD’S CALCIUM BECOMES TOO LOW, THE BODY
WILL RELEASE MORE PTH WHICH WILL BRING THE CALCIUM
LEVELS BACK TO NORMAL.

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PANCREAS The pancreas has the dual function of secreting hormones
into blood (endocrine) and secreting enzymes through ducts (exocrine).

EXOCRINE
- Exocrine
glands secrete their substances
through ducts onto body's surfaces,
- It secretes enzymes
Endocrine
- Theendocrine gland, which consists
of the islets of Langerhans, secretes
hormones into the bloodstream.

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HORMONES:

GLUCAGON (CATABOLIC)
o - Control glucose levels in the blood. It comes from alpha cells
found in the pancreas and its a crucial component that keeps
the body's blood glucose levels stable

INSULINE (ANABOLIC)
o - A hormone made by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin
controls the amount of sugar in the blood by moving it into the
cells, where it can be used by the body for energy.

SOMATOSTATIN
o - somatostatin is produced in the pancreas and inhibits
the secretion of other pancreatic hormones such as
insulin and glucagon.

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Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are small glands that sit above the
kidneys in the upper abdomen. They produce and release several
hormones in the body.

• Adrenal Cortex

The adrenal cortex is the outer region and also the

largest part of an adrenal gland. It is divided into
three separate zones: zona
glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis.

• Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal medulla is located inside the adrenal

cortex in the center of an adrenal gland. It produces
“stress hormones,” including adrenaline.
.
 ADRENAL CORTEX

GLUCOCORTICOIDS
(CORTISOL)
- are steroid hormones widely used for the treatment of
inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. To exert their broad
physiological and therapeutic effects, GCs bind to the GC receptor (GR)
which belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors.
- Glucocorticoids are cholesterol-derived steroid hormones synthesised
and secreted by the adrenal gland. They are anti-inflammatory in all
tissues, and control metabolism in muscle, fat, liver and bone.
Glucocorticoids also affect vascular tone, and in the brain influence
mood, behaviour and sleep‒wakefulness cycles.

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 ADRENAL CORTEX

MINERALOCORTICOIDS
(ALDOSTERONE)
- promote sodium reabsorption in transporting epithelia of the kidneys,
salivary glands, and large intestine. Sodium reabsorption is followed by
passive reabsorption of water.
- Mineralocorticoids are also a class of steroid hormones that influence salt and
water balance. The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, but other
endogenous hormones such as progesterone and deoxycorticosterone have
mineralocorticoid function.

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 ADRENAL CORTEX

SEX HORMONES
- also known as sex steroids, gonad corticoids and gonadal
steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate
steroid hormone receptors.
- The sex hormones include the androgens, estrogens, and
progestogens. Their effects are mediated by slow genomic
mechanisms through nuclear receptors as well as by fast
nongenomic mechanisms through membrane-associated
receptors and signaling cascades.

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 THYMUS
ADRENAL MEDULLA
o a small gland in the lymphatic
Epinephrine and
system that makes and trains
norepinephrine:
special white blood cells
active in emergency situations;
called T-cells. The T-cells help
raise blood glucose level.
your immune system fight
The inner part of the adrenal
disease and infection. Your
gland (a small organ on top of
thymus gland produces most of
each kidney). The adrenal medulla
your T-cells before birth
makes chemicals such as
epinephrine (adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
which are involved in sending
nerve signals.

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 PINEAL GLAND

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 PINEAL GLAND
- PINE CONE LIKE SHAPE
- UNPAIRED

PINEALOCYTES

- DIRECTLY ON THE MIDLINE OF THE

BRAIN
- SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
- USES LEVELS OF MELATONIN
AS A SIGNAL TO POSITIVE
-SECRETES HORMONE CALLED INFORMATION ABOUT TIME
MELATONIN
- ROLE IS REGULATING
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
GONADS
TESTES
o- ANDROGEN (TESTOSTERONE)
o- Found in scrotum
o- Stimulate the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics of the male
OVARIES
o- PROGENTERONE AND ESTROGEN
- provide the female sex hormones
o Progesterone
- active during ovulation and pregnancy where maintaining appropriate
condition in human body to support a developing feature
o Estrogen
- function as primary female sex hormones
- triggers the development of female secondary sex characteristic during
puberty and also triggers the increased growth of bones during adolescence that lead
about height and proportion.
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thank you