ENDOCRINE AND

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 Hello!
I am Gian E. Balilo
You can find me at:
@g_balilo

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 1.
Endocrine System
Also known as “system of checks and balances”

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 Hypothalamus Pancreas
Glands are the
smallest living Pituitary
units of the body Adrenal Endocrine
that produces and glands
releases chemical Thyroid

substances called Parathyroid

HORMONES.
Thymus Ovaries and Testes

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 Over-all Roles

1. Regulates daily activities of the body & control its

overall development by secreting hormones directly
into the bloodstream.

chemical messengers

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 Over-all Roles

2. Keeps the body system healthy (e.g., sending chemical

signals to another gland which responds by controlling
the chemicals of the first gland.

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 Over-all Roles

3. Helps in normalizing body temperature. It turns on and

off (like a thermostat) in response to the level of
hormones in the body.

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 Over-all Roles

4. Significantly affects the overall health. It includes:

a. energy level
b. physical appearance
c. ability to produce offspring

*dysfunction - negative impact

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 Major Glands

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 1. Hypothalamus

hormone:
● releasing factors,
● oxytocin,
● antidiuretic hormones
(ADH)

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 1. Hypothalamus

location & function:

- connected to pituitary gland by blood vessels to
regulate body temperature, blood pressure and use of
water.
- small gland located at the base of the brain
- regulates activities of the body, metabolism and
production

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 1. Hypothalamus

- (ADH) increases water uptake in the kidney

- (oxytocin) to control muscle contractions of uterus and
milk production

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 2. Pituitary

hormone:
● adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
● thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
● growth hormone prolactin

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 2. Pituitary

location & function:

- stimulates adrenal gland to release specific hormone
- stimulates thyroid gland to release specific hormones
- regulates the growth of skeletal system
- stimulates milk production in mammary glands

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 3. Adrenal

hormone:
● adrenalin (epinephrine)
● aldosterone

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 3. Adrenal

location & function:

- found above the kidney
- control “fight or flight” response
- produces specific hormones affecting the functioning
of kidneys, metabolism and response to stressful
situations
- secretes both male and female sex hormones

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 3. Adrenal

- increases uptake of sodium and water in the kidney

- (adrenalin) released into the bloodstream when a
person has a fright

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 4. Thyroid

hormone:
● thyroxine
● calcitonin

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 4. Thyroid

location & function:

- located in front of pituitary gland
- regulates the rate of metabolism
- (thyroxine) contains iodine and calcitonin which
controls calcium level in bloodstream

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 5. Parathyroid

hormone:
● parathyroid hormone

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 5. Parathyroid

location & function:

- 4 tiny glands connected to the back of the thyroid
gland
- regulates minerals in the body - calcium and
phosphorus in bloodstream

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 6. Pancreas

hormone:
● insulin
● glucogen

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 6. Pancreas

location & function:

- located beneath the stomach
- (insulin) controls the level of sugar in the blood
- (glucogen) stimulates liver to convert glycogen to
glucose

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 7. Thymus Ovaries and Testes

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 7. Thymus Ovaries and Testes

hormone:
● estrogen
● progesterone
● testosterone
location & function:
- located in the upper chest of the heart
- plays an important role in developing some of body’s
defenses against infection
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 7. Thymus Ovaries and Testes

- (2 reproductive glands) plays and important role in

reproduction

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 2.
Types of Endocrine Disorders
Diabetes is the most common endocrine disorder
diagnosed in the US.

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 Adrenal insufficiency

The adrenal gland releases too little

of the hormone cortisol and
sometimes aldosterone. Symptoms
are:
● fatigue Addison’s disease is a
● stomach upset type of adrenal
● dehydration insufficiency.
● skin changes

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 Cushing’s disease

Overproduction of a pituitary gland hormone leads to an

overactive adrenal gland.

Similar to Cushing’s syndrome which occurs in people,

especially children, who take high doses of corticosteroid
medications.

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 Gigantism (acromegaly) and other growth hormone
problems

If the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone,

a child's bones and body parts may grow abnormally fast.
If growth hormone levels are too low, a child can stop
growing in height.

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 Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone,

leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating and
nervousness.

Most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an

autoimmune disorder called Grave’s disease.

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 Hypothyroidism

The thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid

hormone, leading to fatigue, constipation, dry skin and
depression.
The underactive gland can cause slowed development in
children. Some types are present at birth.

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 Hypopituitarism

The pituitary gland releases little or no hormones.

It may be caused by a number of diseases.

Women with this condition may stop getting their periods.

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 Multiple endocrine neoplasia I and II (MEN I & II)

These rare, genetic conditions are passed down through

families.

They cause tumors of the parathyroid, adrenal, and thyroid

glands, leading to overproduction of hormones.

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 Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Overproduction of androgens interfere with the

development of eggs and their release from the female
ovaries.

PCOS is a leading cause of infertility.

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 Precocious puberty

Abnormally early puberty that occurs when glands tell the

body to release sex hormones too soon in life.

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 Diagnosis

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 Hyperthyroidism

The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone,

leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating and
nervousness.

Most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an

autoimmune disorder called Grave’s disease.

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 Hyperthyroidism

Symptoms:
● Unintentional weight loss, even when your appetite
and food intake stay the same or increase
● Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) — commonly more than
100 beats a minute
● Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
● Pounding of your heart (palpitations)

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 Hyperthyroidism

● Increased appetite
● Nervousness, anxiety and irritability
● Tremor — usually a fine trembling in your hands and
fingers
● Sweating
● Changes in menstrual patterns
● Increased sensitivity to heat

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 Hyperthyroidism

● Changes in bowel patterns, especially more frequent

bowel movements
● An enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), which may appear
as a swelling at the base of your neck
● Fatigue, muscle weakness
● Difficulty sleeping
● Skin thinning
● Fine, brittle hair
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 Hyperthyroidism

According to a study by Hebrant, van Staveren, Maenhaut,

Dumont and Leclere (2011), three syndromes, namely familial
nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, sporadic congenital
nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism and autonomous adenomas, have
been found to be caused by qualitatively similar activating of these
mutations of the TSH receptor gene (TSHR).

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 3.
Feedbacks Coordinated by
Different Systems of the Body

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 Homeostasis

It is responsible in regulation and

maintenance of the internal
environment of the body.
● body temperature
● fluids
● salts
● acids
● gases
● nutrients
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 Control Systems in the Body

1. Sensors
- receptors responsible in gathering information
about the conditions inside and outside of the body
- Skin is made up of many internal sensors.
- Human body is made up of sensory neurons which
carry impulses to the brain or spinal cord.

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 Control Systems in the Body

2. Control Center
- the brain
- receives information from the sensors
- then, examines the information to the ideal values
(set point) in which the body functions well

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 Control Systems in the Body

3. Communicating Systems
- nervous and endocrine system
- carry information to all parts of the body through
nerve impulses and hormones (also dictates the
target cell or organs how to respond internally and
externally)

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 Control Systems in the Body

4. Targets
- any organ, tissue or cell
- Human body is made up of electrical signals or
neurons, which receive input, process the input and
produce a response.

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Parts of a Neuron
 Parts of a Neuron

Dendrites
- branched cell
components that
receives stimulus from
other neurons or
sensory receptors

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 Parts of a Neuron

Cell Body
- contains a nucleus
which will process the
stimulus

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 Parts of a Neuron

Axon
- transmits stimulus to a
gland, muscle, organ
or other neuron

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 Sources

Andaya, M. O., Biong, J. A., Aquino, M. D. & Custodio, M. V.

(2020). Worktext for scientific and technological literacy:
Science links 10 (2020 revised edition). Rex Book Store.
Endocrine Disorders: Types, Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
s (webmd.com)
Hyperthyroidism - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Genetic hyperthyroidism: hyperthyroidism due to activating TS
HR mutations - PubMed (nih.gov)
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 Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
@g_balilo

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