September 13, 2022

The Cell Membrane &

the Biological
Membrane
Reported by: Group 5
Reported by: Group 5
Kc-lyn Lat
Angela Teresa B. Bautista
Chastity Psalm De Ramos
Charis Sien Basco
Paola Ysabelle Morales
The basic unit of life
is the
?
The basic unit of life
is the
cell
Type of cell with no
nucleus and free-
floating DNA ?
Type of cell with no
nucleus and free-
floating DNA prokaryotes
Type of cell with a
nucleus and DNA
surrounded by the ?
membrane
Type of cell with a
nucleus and DNA
surrounded by the eukaryotes
membrane
Cell parts that carry
out specific functions ?
inside the cell.
Cell parts that carry
out specific functions organelles
inside the cell.
The organelle that
produces the energy
needed for a cell to ?
carry out its functions
The organelle that
produces the energy
needed for a cell to mitochondria
carry out its functions
The organelle
that controls the
function of the ?
cell.
The organelle
that controls the
function of the nucleus
cell.
Controls what
goes in and out ?
of the cell
Controls what
goes in and out cell
of the cell membrane
The organelle
that functions as
the storage area
?
The organelle
that functions as
the storage area
vacuole
Rigid layer that
provides a plant cell ?
strength and shape
Rigid layer that
provides a plant cell cell wall
strength and shape
GROUP 5 - CHASTITY

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
The Cell
What is a cell?
is the basic structural and functional unit of
all known living organisms. It is the smallest
unit of life that is classified as a living thing,
and is often called the building block of life.

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
Two types of Cell

1. Eukaryotic Cell
2. Prokayotic Cell
Two types of Cells

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
Eukaryotic Cell
are much more complicated than those of
prokaryotes. They are packed with a
fascinating array of subcellular structures that
play important roles in energy balance,
metabolism, and gene expression.
Nucleus
is a membrane-enclosed
organelle found in
eukaryotic cells. It
contains most of the
cell's genetic material.

Main Components of Eukaryotic Cell

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
Nucleus
Nucleus Cytoplasm
is a membrane-enclosed The semi-fluid,
organelle found in gelatinous material in the
eukaryotic cells. It outside of the nucleus
contains most of the and inside of the plasma
cell's genetic material membrane.

Main Components of Eukaryotic Cell

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Membrane-bound organelles:
Mitochondria - powerhouse
Ribosomes - synthesize proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum - transportation system
Golgi Apparatus - packaging facility
Lysosomes - digestive system of the cells
Vacuoles - storage of food or waste
Chloroplasts (plant cell only) - site of
photosynthesis

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
Nucleus Cytplasm Plasma Membrane
is a membrane-enclosed The semi-fluid, is the membrane found
organelle found in gelatinous material in the in all cells that separates
eukaryotic cells. It outside of the nucleus the interior of the cell
contains most of the and inside of the plasma from the outside
cell's genetic material membrane. environment.

Main Components of Eukaryotic Cell

MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY
Plasma Membrane
 MC 2: BIOCHEMISTRY

Prokaryotic Cell
Is simpler, and therefore smaller, than a eukaryote
cell, lacking a nucleus and most of the other
organelles of eukaryotes.

Anatomy and internal structure of a bacterial cell

Main Components of

Biology 1
Prokaryotic Cell
1. Nucleoid
2. Cytoplasm
3. Plasma Membrane
4. Capsule
5. Flagellum
6. Ribosomes
Animal Cell

Plant Cell
 Parts of a
Plant Cell
 Plant Cell
Plant cells are the building
blocks of all plants.
 Plant Cell
They are eukaryotic cells that vary in several
fundamental factors from other eukaryotic
organisms. Plant cells are composed of
different parts. Each part has specific
functions.
The following are the parts of a plant cell:
Cell Wall
Rigid layer composed of
polysaccharides cellulose,
pectin, and hemicellulose
located outside the cell
membrane.
Protect and provides structural
support and tensile strenght
against mechanical and
osmotic stress.
The formation of the cell wall is
guided by microtubules
 Nucleus
This round organelle is in
the center of the cell. It
stores DNA. It is the control
center of the cell.
Central Vacuole
Vacuoles help maintain
water balance in plant cells
and turgor pressure which
allows the cell to take in
more light energy through
photosynthesis. Occupies
30% of the cell's volume in a
mature plant cell.
 Golgi Apparatus
It is the part that helps
process and package
proteins and lipid
molecules in the plant cell.
Chemically modifies
proteins by sythesizing and
attaching molecules like
glycoproteins and
lipoproteins.
 Chloroplast
It is the part that produces
food in a plant cell because
this isthe cholopyhll-
containing organelle.
has two distinct regions:
Grana and Stoma
Mitochondria
It is the power house of the
cell. Provides majority of
energy for the cell. Major
site for ATP production.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two types of it are smooth
endoplasmic reticulum and
rough endoplasmic
reticulum.
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Attached with ribosomes,
produce protein for export.
Produced proteins by
ribosomes are also
modified for secretion into
the extracellular space.
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum manifacture
lipids which helps to form
vesicles around the cell
and contribute to plasma
membrane.
Thank You
 Parts of an
Animal Cell
 Animal Cell
An animal cell is the smallest
biological unit of life found in
animals.
 Animal Cell
Animal cells are composed of different
parts. Each part has specific functions. The
following are the parts of an animal cell:
 Nucleus
Membrane-enclosed
organelle found in eukaryotic
cells. It contains most of the
cell's genetic information.
 Vacuole
- Membrane-bound organelle
- Vacoule are essentially enclosed
compartments which are fulled with
inorganic and organic molecules
includining enzymes.
Golgi Apparatus
- packages proteins inside the
cell
- integral in modifying, sorting,
and packaging these
macromolecules for cell
secretion or use within the cell
 Lysosome
- Are cellular organelles that
contain acid hydrolase
enzymes to break down
material and cellular debris
-Function as the digestive
system of the cell
 Cell Membrane
- AKA the plasma membrane
- Biological membrane that
separates the interior of all
cells from the outside
environment.
 Mitochondria
- It is the powerhouse of the cell

- It's also called power plant of the

cell
- The most prominent role of mitochondria
are to produce the energy currency of the
cell ATP
Endoplamic Reticulum
- Can either be smooth or rough
- to produce proteins for the
rest of the cell to function.
- calcium storage
- protein synthesis
- lipid metabolism.
Smooth ER
- No ribosomes attached to it
- Present near the cell
- Organized vesicle
- It Produces lipids and
proteins
Rough ER
- Possesse ribosomes attached
to it
- Present near the cell
- Organized vesicle
- It Produces lipids and
proteins
Ribosome
- Sites of protein
synthesis

- Found in endoplasmic
reticulum

- Found in all living

cells prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
 .

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE
Biological Membrane
Cell Membrane

The semi-permeable outermost component of the cell.

It functions as a boundary separating the intracellular substances, those
inside the cell, from extracellular substances, those outside the cell.
 Phospholipids bilayer
Proteins embedded in lipid layer
(called transmembrane proteins)
Cell Membrane Proteins floating within the lipid sea
Composed of: (called integral proteins)
Proteins associated outside the lipid
bilayer
(called peripheral proteins)
Fluid-Mosiac Model

Lipids arranged in bilayer

with proteins embedded or associated with the
lipids.
Phospholipids
The polar heads are attracted to water
molecules, so they are also called
hydrophilic (water-loving) heads.

The tails of the phospholipids are nonpolar and are

not attracted to water molecules, so the tails are
also called hydrophobic (water-fearing).
Integral, Peripheral and Transmembrane proteins

Integral membrane proteins - Proteins that

are embedded with the cell membrane.

Peripheral membrane protein - Proteins that

are not embedded with the lipid bilayer, but
they are closely associated with a membrane
weak noncovalent interaction.

Transmembrane protein - Integral proteins

that allow ions or molecules to move from
one side of the plasma membrane to the
other.
 Two Types of Transport proteins

Carrier protein Channel protein

Move ions or molecules across the membrane; binding
of specific chemical to carrier proteins causes changes
in the shape of the carrier proteins; the carrier proteins
Form passageways through the plasma
then move the specific chemical across the membrane membrane, allowing specific ions or
1. Uniport - is the movement of one specific ion or molecule
molecules to enter or exit the cell; may be
across the membrane. leak or gated.
2. Symport (cotransport) - is the movement of two different ions
or molecules in the same direction across the plasma
membrane.
3. Antiport (counter transport) - is the movement of two different
ions or molecules in opposite directions across the plasma
membrane.
Carbohydrates

Commonly found in the exterior surface

of the cell membranes

Carbohydrates bound in protein is

GYLCOPROTEINS
Carbohydrates bound in lipid is
GYLCOLIPIDS
Cholesterol
Is the other major lipid, though it is present in
much smaller amounts compared to
phospholipids. It is interspersed among the
phospholipids and accounts for about one-third
of the total lipids in the plasma membrane.
A liquid substance present in other cell
membranes
High temperature will cause drifting in the
phospholipids
If the temperature is too cold, the phospholipids
will compress.
Also plays a role in cell signaling by stabilizing the
association of signaling molecules with the
membrane
Movement Through
Plasma Membrane
Membrane Transport Mechanisms

Passive Transport Active Transport Vesicular Transport

- transport of large
-Do not require energy - do require energy substances across the
plasma membrane
- Do require energy; does not
1. Simple Diffusion 1. Primary Active Transport demonstrate the degree of
2. Facilitated Diffusion 2. Secondary Active Transport specificity or saturation

3. Osmosis
1. Exocytosis
2. Endocytosis
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of
solutes from an area of
higher solute concentration
to an area of lower solute
concentration.
Equilibrium
State in which the concentrations of
the solute are equal.

Concentration Gradient
Difference in the concentration of a
substance between two areas.
 Passive Transport
Simple Diffuson non polar region

simple diffusion

O2 CO2

Fatty Acid
Facilitated Diffusion
 Osmosis
Diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane
Active Transport

Primary Active Transport

Cellular protein pumps called ION PUMPS,
moves ion across the membrane, AGAINST their
concentration gradient
 Secondary Active Transport
A substance moved against its concentration gradient, using energy provided by the movement of a
second substance down its concentration gradient.
Vesicular Transport

Exocytosis from cell to interstitial fluids

 Endocytosis
Cell intakes contents from
the outside of the cell

1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor mediated
endocytosis
Thank You
For Today!
Group 5