NAME: STRAND/YEAR/SECTION SCORE

BEA ANGELA C. ESTEBAN STEM-12-LEIBNIZ

DATE PERFORMED DATE SUBMITTED

01-03-23

QUESTIONS FOR RESEARCH:

1. What is mitosis?
- Mitosis is a process that divides cell nucleus to produce two new nuclei each which a complete
Set of chromosomes.
2. Differentiate the phases of mitosis and explain its importance?
- The first phase of Mitosis and explain its importance. Chromosomes appear condensed and the
Nuclear envelope is not apparent. The second phase is Metaphase , it is where the thick,
coiled chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell on the metaphase plate. Spindle fibers are
Attached to the chromosomes. The third phase is Anaphase, it is where the chromosomes have
Seperated and are moving towards the poles. Lastly the Telophase it is where the chromosomes are
at the poles and are becoming more diffuse.the nuclear envelope is reforming. The cytoplasm
May be dividing.
3. What is body cell/somatic cell?
  - Somatic cells are the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cell which are called germ cells.
That are responsible for the growth and development of an organisms and they required for repair
and regeneration. In humans, somatic cells are diploid, meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes,
one are inherited from each parent. The word ‘somatic’ is derived from the Greek word ‘soma’,
meaning ‘body’. Some of the examples of somatic cells are cells of internal organs, skin, and bones.

4. Explain the role of chromosomes in mitosis?

- Chromosomes in eukaryotes perform a useful function during mitosis, the process in which cells
replicate their genetic material and then divide into two new cells (also called daughter cells).
Because the DNA is packaged within chromosomes, the distribution of the correct amount of genetic
material to the daughter cells is maintained during the complex process of cell division. Before a cell
divides, the chromosomes are replicated within the nucleus.

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 5. The rate of cell division varies among the different kinds of cell in the body. Which body cells
would you expect to divide rapidly? Which would you expect to seldom divide?
-Skin cells
Skin cells divide rapidly in order to maintain a protective barrier against infection.
The outer skin layer is called the epidermis and contains mostly dead cells that contain keratin.
Keratin Is tough fibrous protein found in in protein found in hair, skin, and calluses, and act as
rotective coating. The epidermis cells are constantly undergoing mitosis so that the outer dead
cells containing keratin are rapidly replaced as they fall of, which occurs after so many days.
Then the newer living cells start producing keratin, lose their cellular contents, and die, and the
cycle goes on. Therefore, skin acts as a barrier to infection so it should continuously make new
skin cells to replace the cells we lose because we lose 30,000 to 40,000 dead skin cells every
minute.

-Red and white blood cells

Red blood cells (RBCs) fall into a somewhat easier category. Mature RBCs do not divide. In fact,
because mature RBCs don’t even have a nucleus, these cells really can’t do much of anything other
than act as vessels for the hemoglobin with which they are jam-packed. New RBCs are made in
the marrow in the mature human. In the marrow, there is a poplulation of erythropoietic stem
cells. These are the precursors to RBCs, and they do have nuclei (which got expelled before they
leave the marrow) and the ability to respond to growth factors (in particular, erythropoletein) by
undergoing mitosis.

A similar system exists in the marrow for the different kinds of white blood cells (WBCs).
While WBCs do not retain their nucleus while in peripheral circulation, most are also what we call
terminally differentiated, since they can no longer undergo mitosis.

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