GROUP 4

THE
Datu Hariz Mikha-el Camsa

MITOSIS
Rya Edryn Louise Watiwat
Zergs Gio Alexander Jimenez
Sasha Epiphany Dela Cruz
Joezyl Kisha Asena
Rhian May Gamiao
 Mitosis is a method of cell division where the
WHAT IS
mother cell divides to produce two genetically
MITOSIS? identical daughter cells.Itis similar in both plants
and animals. In lower animals such as amoeba,
mitosis is a means of asexual reproduction without
the involvement of sex cells or gametes.

The term ‘mitosis’ was coined by Walther

Flemming in 1882 and derived from the Greek
word ‘mitos’ meaning ‘warp thread’.
WHERE DOES MITOSIS OCCUR?

Mitosis happens in all cell types

such as skin, bone, blood, and
structural cells, among others,
except the germ cells.
EXAMPLE: Healing of wounds, where damaged cells are
replaced and repaired by forming new cells.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO COMPLETE?

For most cells, mitosis takes around one
and a half to two hours on an average to
complete.
INTERPHASE: WHAT HAPPENS BEFORE

MITOSIS

Interphase is when the parent cell prepares

itself for mitosis. This phase isn’t considered
part of mitosis, but understanding what
happens during interphase can help the steps
of mitosis make a little more sense.
It is the preparatory
growth phase of
mitosis when the DNA
(the genetic material)
gets copied. It is the
most active phase of
the cell cycle involving
a series of metabolic
changes.
 3 STAGES OF INTERPHASE
G1 or Gap 1
The first growth phase of the cell cycle, it is the resting stage during which some cell
organelles increase in size, and the cells rapidly synthesize the different types of RNA and
proteins. Centrioles begin to duplicate during the late G1 phase.

S or Synthesis Stage
The DNA synthesis phase during which the genetic material present in the nucleus gets
copied to produce two identical sets of chromosomes. The centrioles complete their
duplication during this phase.

G2 or Gap 2
Second gap or resting phase during which the synthesis of RNA and proteins from the G1
phase continues. During this period, cells store energy as ATP to be utilized during mitosis.
 1.PROPHASE 2.METAPHASE
PHASES
OF
MITOSIS 3.ANAPHASE 4.TELOPHASE
 1.PROPHASE
It is the first and the longest of all phases of mitosis. Prophase

shows the following distinct changes within the cell:

The beginning is marked by the appearance of thin

thread-like condensing X-shaped chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made of two coiled filaments called
sister chromatids.
As the stage progresses, the sister chromatids become
increasingly shorter and thicker that join together at a site
called the centromere.
 The two pairs of centrioles, formed during interphase,
move away from each other to the opposite poles of the
cell.
Spindle fibers formed of microtubulesand proteins begin
to appear and gradually extend across the cell between
the centrioles as they move towards opposite poles.
On reaching the end of this phase, the nuclear envelope
starts to breaks apart thus releasing the chromosome
The nucleolus gradually disintegrates. The chromosomes
begin to migrate towards the center of the cell, marking
the end of prophase.
 2.METAPHASE
It is the second phase of mitosis and is marked with the

complete disappearance of the nuclear envelope that had

started during prophase.

The chromosomes, which
are at their shortest and
thickest stage with two sister chromatids, get attached to
the spindle fibers present at the opposite poles.
They then align end to end along the middle of the cell.
The spindle fibers then attach to each of the sister
chromatids.
 3.ANAPHASE
It starts by splitting each paired chromosome into two sister

chromatids, now known as daughter chromosomes.

The daughter chromosomes are pulled towards the

opposite end of the cell due to the contraction of the
spindle fibers.
At the end of this phase, each pole contains a complete
set of chromosomes.
 4.TELOPHASE
It is the last recognized phase of mitosis marked by the end of

the daughter chromosome’s migration to the opposite poles.

Nuclear envelope redevelops around each group of

chromosomes to form daughter nuclei.
Mitotic apparatus disappears with a reduction in the
viscosity of cytoplasm, followed by the synthesis of RNA.
The nucleolus reappears with the chromosomes
becoming slender and extended.
CYTOKINESIS: WHAT HAPPENS AFTER

MITOSIS

Like interphase, cytokinesis isn’t a part of mitosis, but it’s definitely an

important part of the cell cycle that is essential to completing cell division.
Sometimes, the occurrence of the events of cytokinesis overlaps with
telophase and even anaphase, but cytokinesis is still considered a separate
process from mitosis.

Cytokinesis is the actual division of the cell membrane into two discrete
cells. At the end of mitosis, there are two new nuclei contained within the
existing parent cell, which has stretched out into an oblong shape. So at this
point, there’s actually two complete nuclei hanging out in one cell.
 This is the process where the
cytoplasm gets divided to produce
two independent daughter cells,
each containing a complete set of
chromosomes. Cytokinesis begins
at the anaphase stage and
continues through telophase and
into the interphase. In the end,
mitosis results in two genetically
identical daughter cells, each
having diploid (2n) number of
chromosomes.
 THE DIFFERENCE IN CYTOKINESIS

BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

In animals, cytokinesis occurs through a

constriction of the cell membrane in-plane
of the metaphase plate, while in plants the
division happens through the formation of
the cell plate.
 FUNCTIONS OF MITOSIS
Following are the two important functions of mitosis:
Mitosis helps in the development of an organism. In
single-celled organisms, mitosis is the process of
asexual reproduction.
Mitosis helps in the replacement of damaged tissues.
The cells near the damaged cells begin mitosis when
they do not sense the neighbouring cells. The dividing
cells reach each other and cover the damaged cells.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF MITOSIS

Mitosis is responsible for the development of the

zygote into an adult.
Equal distribution of chromosomes to each
daughter cell.
It is responsible for the growth and development
of an individual.
It maintains the constant number of chromosomes
in all body cells of an organism.
Mitosis is required for asexual reproduction,
vegetative propagation in plants and is also
responsible for the repair and regeneration of
damaged tissues.
Mitosis helps in maintaining the purity of the
genome as no recombination or crossing over
takes place.
It is responsible for the repair and regeneration of
old and damaged cells in animals e.g. gut
epithelium, blood cells, etc.
 APPLICATIONS OF MITOSIS
Mitosis

has been utilized for many lab-based techniques in molecular

biology and biotechnology. Some of the common use of mitosis are:

1. CLONING
Cloning is a technique employed in biotechnology
to produce identical copies of cells or DNA
fragments.
In cloning, the number of organisms is increased by
the process of mitosis, which is then used in a wide
2. TISSUE CULTURE
The growth of tissues or cells outside of the body of
the organism in a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth
medium is called tissue culture.
Tissue culture is based on the process of mitosis,
where a cell undergoes division to form multiple
tissues.
Besides, tissue culture may lead to organ culture in
various organisms.
3. STEM CELL REGENERATION
Stem cells are a group of cells that can be directed
to form specialized cells in the body.
Stem cells can undergo mitosis to regenerate and
repair diseased or damaged tissues in people.